ethanol, a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general namealcohols; its molecular formula is C₂H₅OH. Ethanol is an important industrial chemical; it is used as a solvent, in the synthesis of other organic chemicals, and as an additive to automotivegasoline (forming a mixture known as agasohol). Ethanol is also the intoxicating ingredient of manyalcoholic beverages such asbeer,wine, anddistilled spirits.

There are two main processes for the manufacture of ethanol: thefermentation of carbohydrates (the method used for alcoholic beverages) and thehydration ofethylene. Fermentation involves the transformation of carbohydrates to ethanol by growing yeast cells. The chief raw materials fermented for the production of industrial alcohol are sugar crops such as beets and sugarcane and grain crops such as corn (maize). Hydration of ethylene is achieved by passing a mixture of ethylene and a large excess of steam at high temperature and pressure over an acidic catalyst.

Ethanol produced either by fermentation or by synthesis is obtained as a dilute aqueous solution and must be concentrated by fractionaldistillation. Direct distillation can yield at best the constant-boiling-point mixture containing 95.6 percent by weight of ethanol. Dehydration of the constant-boiling-point mixture yields anhydrous, or absolute, alcohol. Ethanol intended for industrial use is usuallydenatured (rendered unfit to drink), typically withmethanol,benzene, orkerosene.

Pure ethanol is a colourless flammable liquid (boiling point 78.5 °C [173.3 °F]) with an agreeable ethereal odour and a burning taste. Ethanol istoxic, affecting the central nervous system. Moderate amounts relax the muscles and produce an apparent stimulating effect by depressing the inhibitory activities of the brain, but larger amounts impair coordination and judgment, finally producing coma and death. It is an addictive drug for some persons, leading to the diseasealcoholism.

Ethanol is converted in the body first toacetaldehyde and then to carbon dioxide and water, at the rate of about half a fluid ounce, or 15 ml, per hour; this quantity corresponds to a dietary intake of about 100 calories.