Tarragona, city, capital ofTarragonaprovincia (province), in thecomunidad autónoma (autonomous community) ofCatalonia, northeasternSpain. It lies at the mouth of the Francolí River, on a hill (230 feet [70 metres] high) rising abruptly from theMediterranean Sea. Tarragona is aflourishing seaport, an important agricultural market, and the centre of active tourism, concentrated in some well-known beach resorts. The city also supports the petrochemical industry that is concentrated around it, and Tarragona’s port is equipped for handling and transporting millions of tons of oil annually.

Once the seat of an Iberian tribe, it was captured in 218bce by theRoman generals Gnaeus and Publius Scipio, who improved its harbours and its walls, transforming it into the earliest Roman stronghold in Spain. It was known as Tarraco; Julius Caesar initiated its period of splendour and called it Colonia Julia Victrix Triumphalis tocommemorate his victories. A temple was built in honour of the Roman emperorAugustus, who made Tarraco the capital of Hispania Tarraconensis; the so-called Castle of Pilate is supposed to have been his imperial palace. The emperors Hadrian and Trajan endowed Tarraco with power and culturalprestige, while itsflax trade and other industries made it one of the richest seaports of the Roman Empire. Its fertile plain and sunny shores were praised by the Roman epigrammatistMartial and its famous wines extolled by the writerPliny the Elder.

According to tradition,St. Paul, with the help of St. Thecla, founded the Christian church in Spain at Tarraco in 60ce. The city was razed by the Moors in 714 and remained unimportant until early in the 12th century, when it was recaptured by the Christians. After 1119 Tarragona resumed its new life as an important city of the Spanish kingdom ofAragon, and from it James I organized the conquest of Majorca (1229). Having inherited from Rome an imperial sense of unity, Tarragona has shown stubborn loyalty to the kings of Spain and has been abulwark against invaders.

The old quarter, with many houses built partly of Roman masonry, is more than half surrounded by Roman walls and square towers from the time of the empire. Roman ruins include the theatre,amphitheatre, circus (now forming part of the city’s archaeological museum), forum, and necropolis and, nearby, an aqueduct, the so-called Tomb of the Scipios, and the Triumphal Arch of Bará. The cathedral (12th–13th century) is transitional between Romanesque and Gothic, with a fine cloister. Tarragona has a pontifical university, a school of arts and crafts, a large technical school, and a paleo-Christian museum with one of the best collections of 4th- and 5th-century Christian documents in Spain. It is also the seat of an archbishop. Pop. (2006 est.) 62,998.