architecture

• alcazar
  • Inalcazar
• Almansa Dam
  • InAlmansa Dam
• Baroque
  • InWestern architecture: Spain
• early medieval
  • InWestern architecture: Spain
• Gothic and late Romanesque
  • InWestern architecture: Iberia
  • InWestern architecture: Late Gothic
• Gothic Revival
  • InWestern architecture: Spain and Portugal
• Neoclassical
  • InWestern architecture: Spain and Portugal
• Renaissance
  • InWestern architecture: Spain

furniture

• Infurniture: Spain

• chairs
  • Infurniture: Spain: 17th century

music

• guitar
  • Inguitar
• opera
  • Inopera: Spain
• organ development
  • Inkeyboard instrument: Spain and Portugal
• tablatures
  • Intablature
• vocal music
  • Invocal music: Art songs in other Western countries

painting

• Baroque
  • InWestern painting: Spain and Portugal
• Romanesque
  • InWestern painting: Spain

pottery

• Inpottery: Decorative glazing
• Inpottery: Spain

• Buen Retiro ware
  • InBuen Retiro ware
• faience
  • Infaience
• Hispano-Moresque ware
  • InHispano-Moresque ware
• Manises ware
  • InManises ware

sculpture

• Baroque and Rococo
  • InWestern sculpture: Spain
• Gothic
  • InWestern sculpture: High Gothic
  • InWestern sculpture: Late Gothic

theatre

• commedia dell’arte
  • InZan Ganassa
• Golden Age
  • InWestern theatre: Spain’s Golden Age
• production
  • Intheatre: Spain’s Golden Age
  • Intheatre: Developments in France and Spain

newspapers

• “ABC”
  • InABC
• “El País”
  • InEl País
• “La Vanguardia”
  • InLa Vanguardia Española

past systems

• colonial
  • Ineducation: The heritage of independence
• Islamic
  • Ineducation: Major periods of Muslim education and learning
  • Ineducation: The Muslim influence
• medieval universities
  • Ineducation: Universities elsewhere in Europe
• Sefardic
  • InJudaism: Sephardic developments

Roman Catholicism

• InRoman Catholicism: Spanish and French missions in North America

• councils of Toledo
  • Incouncils of Toledo
• missions
  • InChristianity: The rise of Islam
• Opus Dei
  • InOpus Dei: History and organization
• Order of Santiago
  • InOrder of Santiago

Pre-Roman Spain

A general book, richly illustrated, isRichard J. Harrison,Spain at the Dawn of History: Iberians, Phoenicians, and Greeks (1988).Arturo Ruiz andManuel Molinos,The Archaeology of the Iberians (1998; originally published in Spanish, 1993), is a study of the prehistoric archaeology of Spain.Antonio Beltrán,Rock Art of the Spanish Levant, trans. from Italian (1982), gives an account of Mesolithic rock art.

Roman Spain

Works on this period includeC.H.V. Sutherland,The Romans in Spain, 217 B.C.–A.D. 117 (1939, reprinted 1982);S.J. Keay,Roman Spain (1988);Leonard A. Curchin,Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation (1991, reissued 1995);J.S. Richardson,The Romans in Spain (1996, reissued 1998); andA.T. Fear,Rome and Baetica: Urbanization in Southern Spain, c. 50 BC–AD 150 (1996).

Visigothic Spain

E.A. Thompson,The Goths in Spain (1969);Kenneth Baxter Wolf (trans. and ed.),Conquerors and Chroniclers of Early Medieval Spain, 2nd ed., trans. from Latin (1999); and the collection of essays inEdward James (ed.),Visigothic Spain: New Approaches (1980), are informative studies of the Visigothic period.

Christian Spain from the Muslim invasion to 1479

Joseph F. O’Callaghan,A History of Medieval Spain (1975, reissued 1983), is the standard survey in English.Roger Collins,Early Medieval Spain: Unity and Diversity, 400–1000, 2nd ed. (1995); andAngus MacKay,Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500 (1977, reissued 1989), cover the medieval period.J.N. Hillgarth,The Spanish Kingdoms, 1250–1516, 2 vol. (1976–78), studies the late Middle Ages in greater detail.Derek W. Lomax,The Reconquest of Spain (1978), focuses primarily on military history. A modern work on the Cid isRichard Fletcher,The Quest for El Cid (1989, reissued 1991). Also important areThomas F. Glick,From Muslim Fortress to Christian Castle: Social and Cultural Change in Medieval Spain (1995);James F. Powers,A Society Organized for War: The Iberian Municipal Militias in the Central Middle Ages, 1000–1284 (1987); andHeath Dillard,Daughters of the Reconquest: Women in Castilian Town Society, 1100–1300 (1984, reissued 1989).Robert Ignatius Burns,The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Reconstruction on a Thirteenth-Century Frontier, 2 vol. (1967),Islam Under the Crusaders: Colonial Survival in the Thirteenth-Century Kingdom of Valencia (1973), andMedieval Colonialism: Postcrusade Exploitation of Islamic Valencia (1975); and the excellentMark D. Meyerson,The Muslims of Valencia in the Age of Fernando and Isabel: Between Coexistence and Crusade (1991), all deal with the settlement of Valencia and the fate of the Muslims who remained behind after the Christian reconquest.David Nirenberg,Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages (1996, reprinted with corrections, 1998), is an important discussion of relations among Jews, Christians, and Muslims in medieval Europe.Mark D. Meyerson,A Jewish Renaissance in Fifteenth-Century Spain (2004), is an important recent study of Jews in late medieval Spain.

Muslim Spain

Valuable works includeHugh Kennedy,Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus (1996);Thomas F. Glick,Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages (1979);Olivia Remie Constable,Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900–1500 (1994, reissued 1996);Richard Fletcher,Moorish Spain (1992, reissued 1998); andL.P. Harvey,Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 (1990, reissued 1992).

United Spain under the Catholic Monarchs and the Habsburgs

J.H. Elliott,Imperial Spain, 1469–1716 (1963, reissued 1977), is the best single work covering this period.Henry Kamen,Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict, 2nd ed. (1991), is a short introduction.Stephen Haliczer,The Comuneros of Castile: The Forging of a Revolution, 1475–1521 (1981), is an important corrective to the traditional overvaluation of the Catholic Monarchs. Recent work on the Inquisition includesNorman Roth,Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (1995);Angel Alcalá (ed.),The Spanish Inquisition and the Inquisitorial Mind (1987; originally published in Spanish, 1984);Henry Kamen,The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision (1997);B. Netanyahu,The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain (1995); andMary E. Giles (ed.),Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World (1999).

John Lynch,Spain Under the Habsburgs, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1981, reissued 1984), provides a good overview of early modern Spain.Antonio Domínguez Ortiz,The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 (1971), is a synthesis by one of the most distinguished Spanish scholars.Fernand Braudel,The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 vol. (1972–73, reissued 1995; trans. from French 2nd rev. ed., 1966), is an economic and historical geography of the Mediterranean basin during the 16th century, in which Spain plays a central role; this book has become a classic.M.J. Rodríguez-Salgado,The Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II, and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559 (1988), discusses Spanish foreign policy.Geoffrey Parker,Philip II, 3rd ed. (1995), is a balanced study.Henry Kamen,Philip of Spain (1997), is a recent and controversial biography.John Francis Guilmartin, Jr.,Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century (1974), studies war in the Mediterranean. Many books were published for the 400th anniversary of the Armada campaign; among these isColin Martin andGeoffrey Parker,The Spanish Armada, 2nd rev. ed. (1999).Geoffrey Parker,The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659: The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars (1972, reprinted with corrections, 1995), is the definitive work on the Spanish army in western Europe; andR.A. Stradling,The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568–1668 (1992), is the equivalent for the Spanish navy.I.A.A. Thompson,War and Government in Habsburg Spain, 1560–1620 (1976), studies the effects of war on government in Spain.Jonathan I. Israel,The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606–1661 (1982, reprinted 1986), is also useful.J.H. Elliott,The Revolt of the Catalans: A Study in the Decline of Spain, 1598–1640 (1963, reissued 1984), andThe Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline (1986), are outstanding contributions to Spanish history written in English.J.H. Parry,The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1966, reprinted 1990), is an excellent sketch of its subject.Jonathan Brown andJ.H. Elliott,A Palace for a King: The Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV (1980, reissued 1986), successfully attempts to integrate the history of art with political history.Henry Kamen,The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter Reformation (1993), is an interesting study of 16th- and 17th-century Catalonia.Sara T. Nalle,God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650 (1992), is a fascinating study of religious practice in one Castilian province.

The 18th century

John Lynch,Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808 (1989, reprinted 1993), is an excellent survey. Two specialist studies, using modern techniques, areRichard Herr,Rural Change and Royal Finances in Spain at the End of the Old Regime (1989); andDavid R. Ringrose,Transportation and Economic Stagnation in Spain, 1750–1850 (1970). Other specific topics are addressed byWilliam J. Callahan,Church, Politics, and Society in Spain, 1750–1874 (1984), andHonor, Industry, and Commerce in 18th Century Spain (1972); andRichard Herr,The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain (1958, reissued 1969), on the reign of Charles III.

The 19th and early 20th centuries

Gerald Brenan,The Spanish Labyrinth: An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Civil War, 2nd ed. (1950, reissued 1993), remains a stimulating introduction to the problems of modern Spain. General histories of political, economic, and social developments includeJosé Alvarez Junco andAdrian Shubert (eds.),Spanish History since 1808 (2000);Adrian Shubert,A Social History of Modern Spain (1990, reprinted 1992);Raymond Carr,Spain, 1808–1975, 2nd ed. (1982);Stanley G. Payne,Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (1967); andCarolyn P. Boyd,Praetorian Politics in Liberal Spain (1979).

There has been a renewal of interest in the economic history of this period. The classic work isJordi Nadal,El fracaso de la revolución industrial en España, 1814–1913, 5th ed. (1982).David R. Ringrose,Spain, Europe, and the “Spanish Miracle,” 1700–1900 (1996, reissued 1998); andLeandro Prados de la Escosura,De imperio a nación: crecimiento y atraso económico en España (1780–1930) (1988), provide revisionist views of Spain’s economic history.

Sources on early- and mid-19th-century politics includeJesus Cruz,Gentlemen, Bourgeois, and Revolutionaries: Political Change and Cultural Persistence among the Spanish Dominant Groups, 1750–1850 (1996);Renato Barahona,Vizcaya on the Eve of Carlism: Politics and Society, 1800–1833 (1989);V.G. Kiernan,The Revolution of 1854 in Spanish History (1966); andC.A.M. Hennessy,The Federal Republic in Spain: Pi y Margall and the Federal Republican Movement, 1868–74 (1962, reprinted 1980).Pamela Beth Radcliff,From Mobilization to Civil War: The Politics of Polarization in the Spanish City of Gijon, 1900–1937 (1996), is an important study of politics in one major city.Paul Heywood,Marxism and the Failure of Organised Socialism in Spain, 1879–1936 (1990), analyzes the socialist party. Studies of the place of the church in society and politics includeWilliam J. Callahan,Church, Politics, and Society in Spain, 1750–1874 (1984); andJoan Connelly Ullman,The Tragic Week: A Study of Anti-Clericalism in Spain, 1875–1912 (1968).

Among the important recent works on the late Spanish empire areChristopher Schmidt-Nowara,Empire and Antislavery: Spain, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1833–1874 (1999); andSebastian Balfour,The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898–1923 (1997).

Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36)

The excellent but misleadingly titled work byShlomo Ben-Ami,Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain, 1923–1930 (1983), deals with the dictatorship, andThe Origins of the Second Republic in Spain (1978), chronicles its collapse.George Esenwein andAdrian Shubert,Spain at War: The Spanish Civil War in Context, 1931–1939 (1995), is a recent synthesis.Paul Preston,The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction, and Revolution in the Second Republic, 2nd ed. (1994);Nigel Townson,The Crisis of Democracy in Spain: Centrist Politics under the Second Republic, 1931–1936 (2000); andEdward E. Malefakis,Agrarian Reform and Peasant Revolution in Spain: Origins of the Civil War (1970), are detailed studies of aspects of politics during the Second Republic.

The Civil War (1936–39) and Franco’s Spain (1939–75)

Hugh Thomas,The Spanish Civil War, 3rd ed., rev. and enlarged (1977, reissued 1994), is a narrative history;Raymond Carr,The Civil War in Spain, 1936–39, new ed. (1986), takes a wider view.Burnett Bolloten,The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution (1991), is an encyclopaedic account.George Orwell,Homage to Catalonia (1938, reissued 2000), remains a classic account of political feuds in Barcelona.Michael Alpert,A New International History of the Spanish Civil War (1994, reissued 1997), covers international aspects of the conflict; andMary Nash,Defying Male Civilization: Women in the Spanish Civil War (1995), covers the role of women.

The standard work on Francoism isStanley G. Payne,The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 (1987, reissued 2000).Paul Preston,Franco: A Biography (1993, reissued 1995), is the definitive account of the dictator’s life.Michael Richards,A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain, 1936–1945 (1998), is a provocative study of early Francoism.Amando de Miguel,Manual de estructura social de España (1974), discusses Francoist society.Sebastian Balfour,Dictatorship, Workers, and the City: Labor in Greater Barcelona Since 1939 (1989), is an excellent study of the labor movement.

Spain since 1975

Sources on the period of political transition includeRaymond Carr andJuan Pablo Fusi Aizpurúa,Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy, 2nd ed. (1981, reissued 1991; originally published in Spanish, 1979); andPaul Preston,The Triumph of Democracy in Spain (1986, reissued 1990).Víctor M. Pérez-Díaz,The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (1993, reissued 1998; originally published in Spanish, 1987), is an important interpretive essay.Charles T. Powell,El piloto del cambio: el rey, la monarquía y la transición a la democracia (1991), examines the role of King Juan Carlos in the transition.

Among the many studies of regional nationalism, the most important includeDaniele Conversi,The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (1997, reissued 2000);Juan Díez Medrano,Divided Nations: Class, Politics, and Nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia (1995); andRobert P. Clark,The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952–1980 (1984), andNegotiating with ETA: Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country, 1975–1988 (1990).