North Carolina
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- What is North Carolina?
- Where is North Carolina located within the United States?
- What are the major cities in North Carolina?
- What is the capital of North Carolina?
- What is North Carolina known for historically?
- What are some popular geographical features in North Carolina?
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North Carolina,constituentstate of theUnited States of America. One of the13 original states, it lies on theAtlantic coast midway betweenNew York andFlorida and is bounded to the north byVirginia, to the east by theAtlantic Ocean, to the south bySouth Carolina andGeorgia, and to the west byTennessee. The terrain of North Carolina is among the wettest in the country, with vast marshlands in the coastal tidewater area and numerous lakes in thePiedmont andAppalachian regions. These three physical regions account for much of thediversity in lifestyles andcultures within the state’s boundaries. The capital isRaleigh.
North Carolina’s beginnings were tied closely to the earliest attempts at English colonization ofNorth America.Roanoke Island in the northeast, a part of the heavily indented and island-fringed coast, was the site of the famous “lost colony” that vanished sometime after the original landing in 1587. This eastern region retains some of the flavor of colonial life, while the Piedmont region, centered atCharlotte and Raleigh, has become the state’s hub of industry and population. The mountains of the west remain the focus of a lively ruralculture, including that of anindigenousCherokeecommunity that has lived in the region for centuries.
- Capital:
- Raleigh
- Population1:
- (2020) 10,439,388; (2024 est.) 11,046,024
- Governor:
- Josh Stein (Democrat)
- Date Of Admission:
- Nov. 21, 17892
- U.S. Senators:
- Ted Budd (Republican)
- Thom Tillis (Republican)
- State Nickname:
- Tar Heel State
- Old North State
- State Motto:
- "Esse Quam Videri (To Be Rather Than To Seem)"
- State Bird:
- northern cardinal
- State Flower:
- flowering dogwood
- State Song:
- “The Old North State”
- Seats In U.S. House Of Representatives:
- 14 (of 435)
- Time Zone:
- Eastern (GMT − 5 hours)
- Total Area (Sq Km):
- 139,391
- Total Area (Sq Mi):
- 53,819
- Excluding military abroad.
- Original state; date shown is that of ratification of Constitution.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, North Carolina experiencedpopulation growth at a much higher rate than the national average. This was largely attributable to its vibrant economy, which featured one of the strongest manufacturing sectors in the country—and the strongest in theSouth. At the same time, the state’sservice sector also expanded, keeping pace with the trend of the national economy. North Carolina’s prosperity, natural beauty, and reputation for stable government have given it an image of progress and opportunity, even as it maintains its strong Southern identity. Area 53,819 square miles (139,391 square km). Population (2020) 10,439,388; (2024 est.) 11,046,024.
Land
Relief
North Carolina extends across three major physiographic regions of the United States—the Coastal Plain (or tidewater area), thePiedmont, and theAppalachian Mountains. In addition to producing a spectacular landscape, this regional variation has influenced the state’s climate, soils, plant life, and human geography.
As the land reaches westward fromsea level, it rises gradually to thefall line, a zone some 30 miles (50 km) in width that separates theCoastal Plain from the Piedmont. In the latter region, thetopography becomes irregular, and the land rises about 5 feet (1.5 meters) per mile to the base of the Appalachians, a distance of about 140 miles (225 km). The mountains have a worn, rounded appearance, reflecting a geologic origin earlier than that of the rugged peaks of the American West.Mount Mitchell, rising to 6,684 feet (2,037 meters), is the highest peak east of theMississippi.
Composing nearly half the state, the Coastal Plain consists of a gently rolling, well-drained interior and a swampy tidewater area close to the coastline. The latter region was the first to be explored and settled. A long chain of islands, theOuter Banks, extends from Virginia to South Carolina, generally consisting of sand dunes that can reach 100 feet (30 meters) or more in height. Three capes—Hatteras,Lookout, and Fear, the first two within national seashores—jut into the ocean in an area known as the “graveyard of the Atlantic,” a reference to the many ships that have sunk in its dangerous waters. The elevation of the entire area averages less than 20 feet (6 meters) above sea level. Only small-craft navigation is possible, because of silting and the shallow sounds and estuaries.
The inner Coastal Plain extends 120 to 140 miles (190 to 225 km) westward to the Piedmont, which is a region of rolling, forested hills. The prominent ridges and hills of the eastern Piedmont may be the remains of an ancient mountain chain that paralleled the Appalachians, from which spurs extend into the western Piedmont. The area is well drained by rivers flowing into the Coastal Plain or South Carolina. Dams on theCatawba and Yadkin rivers are important sources ofhydroelectric power.
The mountain regioncomprises a plateau broken by two ranges of the southern Appalachians. On the east are theBlue Ridge Mountains, which rise steeply from the Piedmont to peaks of 3,000 to 4,000 feet (900 to 1,200 meters), with several reaching above 6,000 feet (1,800 meters). In the far west theUnaka Mountains contain theGreat Smoky Mountains, which roll westward into Tennessee. This region is divided into several cross ridges and a number of smaller plateaus and basins. One of the chief ridges is made up of theBlack Mountain group. Some 100 peaks rise above 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) in the western part of the state.
Drainage and soils
North Carolina has some 3,820 square miles (9,890 square km) of inland water, the third largest such area of any state. Lake Mattamuskeet, covering some 63 square miles (162 square km) in the state’s eastern tidewater area, is North Carolina’s largest natural lake. Lakes are especiallyabundant in the Catawaba River basin of the state’s southwest Piedmont and Appalachian region; the river itself is largely a chain of man-made reservoirs. The Catawba is the most densely populated river basin in the state. TheCape Fear River basin, which occupies much of North Carolina’s southeastern quadrant, is the largest. TheRoanoke River drains the state’s northeastern corner, flowing southeast from Virginia into the ocean at Albermarle Sound. Bisecting North Carolina from north to south is the Yadkin–Pee Dee River. TheLittle Tennessee andFrench Broad rivers flow northwest from the mountains of North Carolina into Tennessee. Raleigh is drained by theNeuse River, which empties into the Atlantic atNew Bern.
Soils in North Carolina are commonly grouped according to regional variations. Coastal soils are rich and humus-laden, while farther to the west the hills consist mostly of sand and have almost no organic materials. The Piedmont region is predominately clayey, and mountain soils are a combination of clay, sand, and silt, commonly called loam. All of North Carolina’s soils are affected by excessiveleaching, which causes high mineral loss, and successful agriculture depends on large additions of lime and fertilizers.