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Kaluga: Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of CosmonauticsThe Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga, Russia.
Kaluga
Russia
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Kaluga, city and administrative centre ofKalugaoblast (region), westernRussia, west ofMoscow on theOka River. Founded in the 14th century as astronghold against the Tatars on the southern borders ofMuscovy, it later became a seat of provincial administration. In the early 17th century it was devastated by Cossacks, plague, and fire, and in the winter of 1941 it was held by the Germans. It has a wide range of industries, producing turbines, railway equipment, and consumer goods. The city is on the Vyazma–Tula railway near its junction with the Moscow–Kiev line. Pop. (2006 est.) 329,064.
This article was most recently revised and updated byAmy Tikkanen.