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Iceland
When was Iceland settled and by whom?
Iceland was settled over 1,000 years ago during the Viking age by a mixed Norse and Celtic population, primarily Norwegian seafarers and adventurers.
Is Iceland in the EU?
Iceland is not a member of theEuropean Union, but it is part of the EU’ssingle market through theEuropean Free Trade Association.
How did Iceland gain independence from Denmark?
Iceland became a separate state under the Danish crown in 1918, with full independence achieved in 1944 when it established a republic at Thingvellir.
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Iceland, islandcountry located in the NorthAtlantic Ocean. Lying on the constantly active geologic border betweenNorth America andEurope, Iceland is a land of vivid contrasts of climate, geography, andculture. Sparkling glaciers, such as Vatna Glacier (Vatnajökull), Europe’s largest, lie across its ruggedly beautiful mountain ranges; abundant hot geysers provide heat for many of the country’s homes and buildings and allow for hothouse agriculture year-round; and the offshoreGulf Stream provides a surprisingly mild climate for what is one of the northernmost inhabited places on the planet.
Iceland was founded more than 1,000 years ago during theViking age of exploration and settled by a mixed Norse and Celtic population. The early settlement, made up primarily of Norwegian seafarers and adventurers, fostered further excursions toGreenland and the coast ofNorth America (which the Norse called Vinland). Despite its physical isolation some 500 miles (800 km) fromScotland—its nearest European neighbour—Iceland has remained throughout its history very much a part of European civilization. TheIcelandic sagas, most of which recount heroic episodes that took place at the time the island was settled, are regarded as among the finest literary achievements of the Middle Ages, reflecting a European outlook whilecommemorating the history and customs of a people far removed from continental centres of commerce and culture.
- Head Of Government:
- Prime Minister: Kristrún Frostadóttir
- Capital:
- Reykjavík
- Population:
- (2025 est.) 399,600
- Head Of State:
- President: Halla Tómasdóttir
- Form Of Government:
- unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (Althingi, or Parliament [63])
- Official Language:
- Icelandic
- Official Religion:
- Evangelical Lutheran
- Official Name:
- Lýdhveldidh Ísland (Republic of Iceland)
- Total Area (Sq Km):
- 103,000
- Total Area (Sq Mi):
- 39,769
- Monetary Unit:
- króna (ISK)
- Population Rank:
- (2026) 180
- Population Projection 2030:
- 408,900
- Density: Persons Per Sq Mi:
- (2025) 10
- Density: Persons Per Sq Km:
- (2025) 3.9
- Urban-Rural Population:
- Urban: (2024) 94.1%
- Rural: (2024) 5.9%
- Life Expectancy At Birth :
- Male: (2024) 80.3 years
- Female: (2024) 84.4 years
- Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate:
- Male: 100%
- Female: 100%
- Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000):
- (2023) 31,624
- Gni Per Capita (U.S.$):
- (2023) 80,400
The capital,Reykjavík (“Bay of Smokes”), is the site of the island’s first farmstead and is a thriving city, handsome in aspect andcosmopolitan in outlook. Other major population centres areAkureyri, on the north-central coast;Hafnarfjördhur, on the southwestern coast; and Selfoss, in the southern lowlands.
Iceland is a Scandinavian country, the world’s oldestdemocracy but modern in nearly every respect. Unlike most European countries, however, it is ethnicallyhomogeneous, so much so that genetic researchers have used its inhabitants to study hereditary disorders and develop cures for a host of diseases. Although increasinglyintegrated into the European mainstream, Icelanders take care to preserve their traditions, customs, and language. Many Icelanders, for example, still believe in elves, trolls, and other figures in the mythical landscape of the Norse past, while even Icelanders who live in cities harbour a vision of their country as a pastoral land, in the words of Nobel Prize-winning authorHalldór Laxness, of
crofts standing at the foot of the mountains or sheltering on the southern slope of a ridge, each with a little brook running through the home-field, marshy land beyond, and ariver flowing smoothly through the marsh.
Land
Iceland’s rugged coastline, of more than 3,000 miles (4,800 km), meets theGreenland Sea on the north, theNorwegian Sea on the east, theAtlantic Ocean on the south and west, and theDenmark Strait—which separates it fromGreenland by about 200 miles (320 km)—on the northwest.
Glacier ice and cooledlava each cover approximately one-tenth of the country’s total area. The glaciers are a reminder of Iceland’sproximity to theArctic Circle, which nearly touches its northernmost peninsula. The area covered by Vatnajökull (Vatna Glacier), the country’s largest, is equal to the combined total area covered by all the glaciers on thecontinent ofEurope. The volcanoes, reaching deep into the unstable interior of theEarth, are explained by the fact that Iceland is located on top of theMid-Atlantic Ridge. It is estimated that since the year 1500 about one-third of the Earth’s total lava flow has poured out of the volcanoes of Iceland.
Geologically young, Iceland contains about 200volcanoes of various types. A new volcano erupting on the bottom of the sea between November 1963 and June 1967 created the island ofSurtsey, off the southwestern coast. The new island grew to about 1 square mile (2.5 square km) in area and rose more than 560 feet (170 metres) abovesea level, a total of 950 feet (290 metres) from the ocean floor.
Volcanic activity has been particularly frequent since the 1970s. A major eruption took place in 1973, when a volcano on Heima Island (Heimaey) spilled lava into the town ofVestmannaeyjar, an importantfishing centre. Most of the more than 5,000 residents had to be evacuated, and—although the harbour remained intact—about one-third of the town was destroyed.Continuous eruptions took place in the Krafla area in the northeast in 1975–84, damaging a geothermal generating project in the area. Iceland’s best-known volcano,Hekla, erupted four times in the 20th century: in 1947, 1970, 1980, and 1991; it also had a series of small eruptions in 2000. There were eruptions in the Vatnajökull area in 1983 and 1996.Eyjafjallajökull volcano, beneath an extension ofMýrdalsjökull (Mýrdals Glacier), erupted in March 2010 for the first time since 1821. It erupted again beginning on April 14 and sent wandering ash plumes into the skies that disrupted air traffic for days across northern and central Europe.
Relief
Iceland is largely a tableland broken up by structural faults. Its average elevation is 1,640 feet (500 metres) above sea level, but one-fourth of the country lies below 650 feet (198 metres). The highest point is 6,952 feet (2,119 metres), at Hvannadals Peak, the top ofÖræfajökull inVatnajökull. Theglaciers range in size from those in small mountainrecesses to the enormous glacial caps topping extensive mountain ranges. Vatnajökull covers an area of more than 3,000 square miles (8,000 square km) and is about 3,000 feet (900 metres) deep at its thickest point.
Much of Iceland is underlain bybasalt, a dark rock ofigneous origin. The oldest rocks were formed about 16 million years ago. The landscape in basaltic areas is one of plateau andfjord, characterized by successive layers of lava visible one above the other on the valley sides. The basalt sheets tend to tilt somewhat toward the centre of the country. Iceland’s U-shaped valleys are largely the result of glacialerosion. The depressed zones between the basalt areas haveextensive plateaus above which rise single volcanoes, table mountains, or other mountain masses with steep sides.
Iceland has morehot springs andsolfataras—volcanic vents that emit hot gases and vapours—than any other country. Alkaline hot springs are found in some 250 areas throughout the country. The largest,Deildartunguhver, emits nearly 50 gallons (190 litres) of boiling water per second. The total power output of theTorfajökull (Torfa Glacier) area, the largest of the 19 high-temperature solfatara regions, is estimated to equal about 1,000 megawatts.
Earthquakes are frequent in Iceland but rarely result in serious damage. Most of the buildings erected since the mid-20th century have been built ofreinforced concrete and designed to withstand severe shocks from earthquakes.
Traditionally, Iceland has been divided according to the four points of the compass. The centre of the country is uninhabited. In the southwest several fine natural harbours have directed interest toward the sea, and good fishing grounds lie off the shores of this region. Because of its extensive lava fields and heaths, the southwest has little farmland. The middle west is divided between fishing and farming and has many places of great natural beauty. The western fjords have numerous well-sheltered harbours and good fishing grounds but little lowland suitable for agriculture. The north is divided into several smaller districts, each of which has relatively good farmland. The eastern fjords resemble the western fjords but have, in addition, an inner lowland. The southeast, locked between the glaciers and the sea, has a landscape of rugged splendour. The southern lowlandcomprises the main farming region. Soil and climatic conditions are favourable, and it is close to the country’s largestmarket, Reykjavík and its environs.