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Geography & Travel

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Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
  - The Nile valley and delta
  - The Eastern Desert
  - The Western Desert
  - Sinai Peninsula
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
People
- Ethnic groups
- Languages
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
  - Rural settlement
  - Urban settlement
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture and fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labour and taxation
- Transportation and telecommunications
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
  - Local government
  - Justice
  - Political process
  - Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
Cultural life
- Cultural milieu
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
History
- From the Islamic conquest to 1250
  - Period of Arab and Turkish governors (639–868)
    - The Arab conquest
    - Early Arab rule
    - Egypt under the caliphate
  - The Ṭūlūnid dynasty (868–905)
  - The Ikhshīdid dynasty (935–969)
  - The Fāṭimid dynasty (969–1171)
    - Islamization
    - Arabization
    - Growth of trade
    - The end of the Fāṭimid dynasty
  - The Ayyūbid dynasty (1171–1250)
    - Saladin’s policies
    - Power struggles
    - Growth of Mamluk armies
- The Mamluk and Ottoman periods (1250–1800)
  - The Mamluk rulers (1250–1517)
    - Political life
    - Contributions to Arabic culture
    - Religious life
    - Economic life
  - The Ottomans (1517–1798)
    - The Ottoman conquest
    - Ottoman administration
    - Mamluk power under the Ottomans
    - Expansion
    - Culture
    - Religious affairs
- From the French to the British occupation (1798–1882)
  - The French occupation and its consequences (1798–1805)
  - Muḥammad ʿAlī and his successors (1805–82)
    - Military expansion
    - Administrative changes
    - ʿAbbās I and Saʿīd, 1848-63
    - Ismāʿīl, 1863–79
    - Renewed European intervention, 1879–82
- The period of British domination (1882–1952)
  - The British occupation and the Protectorate (1882–1922)
    - ʿAbbās Ḥilmī II, 1892–1914
    - World War I and independence
  - The Kingdom of Egypt (1922–52)
    - The interwar period
    - World War II and its aftermath
- The revolution and the Republic
  - The Nasser regime
  - The Sadat regime
  - The Mubarak regime
  - Unrest in 2011: January 25 Revolution
  - Transition to an elected government
  - The June 30 Revolution
  - Return to authoritarianism

References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Images, Videos & Interactives

Egypt

Egypt

Giza, Egypt: pyramids

Egypt

Cairo

Physical features of Egypt

Nile River

Giza, Egypt: outfitted camel

Egypt: Ethnic composition

For Students

Quizzes

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The Country Quiz

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Which Country Is Larger By Area? Quiz

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Which Country Is Larger By Population? Quiz

Flags of all nations of the world. Grouping of various country flags on a world map.

Which Country Is Larger? Quiz

Opened passport with visas, stamps, seals, world map. (travel, tourism)

Guess the Country by Its Neighbors Quiz

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Egypt: Facts & Stats

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News•

Egypt makes new proposal to restore Gaza truce as Israeli strikes kill 65• Mar. 24, 2025, 8:09 AM ET (Reuters)

Tomb of Egyptian general linked to Ramses III found at Tell el-Maschuta• Mar. 23, 2025, 7:19 AM ET (Jerusalem Post)

Egypt puts forth bridging proposal, Hamas yet to respond• Mar. 22, 2025, 10:35 AM ET (Jerusalem Post)

Egypt willing to temporarily absorb half a million evacuated Gazans - Lebanese report• Mar. 22, 2025, 7:07 AM ET (Jerusalem Post)

Israel launches deadly wave of airstrikes across Gaza after ceasefire talks stall• Mar. 17, 2025, 11:06 PM ET (AP)

Facts

Also Known As	Jumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah • Arab Republic of Egypt • Miṣr • Arab Socialist Republic
Head Of Government	Prime Minister: Mostafa Madbouly
Capital	Cairo
Population	(2025 est.) 107,838,000
Head Of State	President:Abdel Fattah al-Sisi
Form Of Government	multiparty republic with two legislative houses (House of Representatives [596] and Senate [300¹])
Official Language	Arabic
Official Religion	Islam
Official Name	Jumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah (Arab Republic of Egypt)
Total Area (Sq Km)	996,603
Total Area (Sq Mi)	384,788
Monetary Unit	Egyptian pound (LE)
Population Rank	(2025) 15
Population Projection 2030	117,151,000
Density: Persons Per Sq Mi	(2025) 280.3
Density: Persons Per Sq Km	(2025) 108.2
Urban-Rural Population	Urban: (2022) 42.9% • Rural: (2022) 57.1%
Life Expectancy At Birth	Male: (2023) 68.8 years • Female: (2023) 73.8 years
Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate	Male: (2021) 79% • Female: (2021) 67%
Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000)	(2023) 439,247
Gni Per Capita (U.S.$)	(2023) 3,900
¹One-third is elected by constituency, one-third by proportional representation, and one-third appointed by the president.

Photos and Videos

Egypt

Egypt

Giza, Egypt: pyramids

Egypt

Cairo

Physical features of Egypt

Giza, Egypt: outfitted camel

Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar governorate, Egypt: seminomadic camp

Cairo: Blue Mosque

Al-Qaṣr, Egypt

Nile River

Explore mosques and Coptic, Catholic, Protestant, Maronite, and Eastern Orthodox churches in Egypt

Explore traditional Egyptian irrigation methods and tools including shaduf, water screw, and waterwheel

Learn how Cleopatra used her influence over Julius Caesar to stay in power

Journey of the Nile: The longest river in the world

National anthem of Egypt

See All Videos, Images, Audio and Interactives →

Related Topics and References

Topics

Jebel Akhdar War Anwar Sadat on international affairs Mamluk Ayyubid dynasty Ṭūlūnid Dynasty Achaemenid dynasty Ikhshīdids Dynasty Bubastite dynasty 1948 Arab-Israeli War BRICS United States India United Kingdom China Canada Russia Germany Australia Japan France

Dig Deeper: More Articles That Discuss This Topic

juvenile justice: Egypt

Related People

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian leader

Akhenaten

king of Egypt

Ramses II

king of Egypt

Cleopatra

queen of Egypt

ancient Egyptian empire under Thutmose III

king of Egypt

Coin depicting Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter

Macedonian king of Egypt

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser

president of Egypt

Hosni Mubarak

president of Egypt

queen of Thrace, Macedonia and Egypt

Saad Zaghloul

Egyptian statesman

Darius I

king of Persia

Lord Cromer, detail of an oil painting by John Singer Sargent, 1902; in the National Portrait Gallery, London

Evelyn Baring, 1st earl of Cromer

British diplomat

Saladin

Ayyūbid sultan

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Seleucid king

Mamlūk sultan of Egypt and Syria

Mohamed Morsi

president of Egypt

Muḥammad ʿAlī

Muḥammad ʿAlī

pasha and viceroy of Egypt

Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Macedonian king of Egypt

Hatshepsut

ruler of Egypt

Anwar Sadat

president of Egypt

Related Places

A map of the continent of Africa, including its countries, boundaries, and capital cities. It also shows parts of Europe and Asia and surrounding bodies of water, including the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean.

continent

mosque of Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Mursī

Egypt

Cairo, Egypt

national capital, Egypt

Karnak, Egypt: temple complex

Egypt

Luxor: temple complex

Egypt

Al-Wādī al-Jadīd, Egypt: White Desert

Al-Wādī al-Jadīd

governorate, Egypt

Al-Fayyūm, Egypt

governorate, Egypt

Port Said: Suez Canal Authority building

Egypt

al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar

Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar

governorate, Egypt

El-Alamein, Egypt

Egypt

Great Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre

Egypt

governorate, Egypt

Egypt

Egypt

Middle East

region, Asia, Africa, and Europe

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Geography Fun Facts

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The President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano at the Quirinale Palace (cropped out), shakes hands with the President of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, Rome, Oct. 17, 2009. egypt protests 2011, protests in egypt 2011

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Tomb of Mohammed Bin Ali, Salalah, Oman.

A View of the Middle East

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