Vaira Vike-Freiberga, néeVaira Vike, (born Dec. 1, 1937, Riga, Latvia), Latvian psychologist who served as president of Latvia (1999–2007). She was the first woman to head a postcommunist eastern European country.

Near the end of World War II, Vike fled with her family to Germany and then French Morocco after Soviet forces took over Latvia. In 1954 she moved to Canada, where she studied psychology at the University of Toronto (B.A., 1958; M.A., 1960) and then McGill University (Ph.D., 1965). From 1965 to 1998 she worked as a psychology professor at the University of Montreal. A leading figure among Latvian émigré intellectuals, she became interested in Latvian folklore and, with her husband, Imants Freibergs (married 1960), was a noted collector of Latvian folk songs. In 1998, upon her retirement from the University of Montreal, she moved back to Latvia, where she headed the nonprofit Latvian Institute, which promoted Latvian culture.

On June 17, 1999, after six deadlocked ballots, Vike-Freiberga, who had no previous political experience, was elected president by Latvia’s Parliament, and on July 8 she took the oath of office. Although her election was unexpected, Vike-Freiberga was quick to take action. She named as prime minister Andris Skele, who had served twice in that position, and charged him with reining in the state budget. Determined to keep the country’s foreign policy on a Western-oriented course, she criticized Russia’s opposition to Latvia’s bid to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as well as NATO’s apparent recalcitrance in admitting the Baltic states. Her persistence paid off in 2004, the year after she was elected to her second term as president, when Latvia became a member of both the European Union and NATO. In 2006 Vike-Freiberga served as a special envoy to Secretary-General Kofi Annan for reforming the United Nations.

Constitutionally barred from serving a third term, shestepped down as president in 2007; she was succeeded by Valdis Zatlers. Vike-Freibergawas subsequently involved in numerous organizations, including VVF Consulting,which she cofounded in 2007.

Written byThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica.

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