Camp David Accords, agreements betweenIsrael andEgypt signed on September 17, 1978, that led in the following year to a peace treaty between those two countries, the first such treaty between Israel and any of itsArab neighbors. Brokered by U.S. Pres.Jimmy Carter (this author) between Israeli Prime MinisterMenachem Begin and Egyptian Pres.Anwar Sadat and officially titled the “Framework for Peace in the Middle East,” the agreements became known as the Camp David Accords because the negotiations took place at the U.S. presidential retreat atCamp David,Maryland. Sadat and Begin were awarded theNobel Prize for Peace in 1978 for their contributions to the agreements.

(Read Britannica’s interview with Jimmy Carter, author of this entry.)

Background

TheUnited Nations (UN) voted in 1947 to partition Great Britain’sPalestine mandate—to be established were a Jewish state, an Arab state, and an independentJerusalem under a UN trusteeship. Arabs opposed partition. When themandate ended on May 15, 1948, and Israel proclaimed its independence, the firstArab-Israeli war erupted. No separate state for Arab Palestinians (i.e., Palestinians) was established. Egypt took control of theGaza Strip along theMediterranean Sea, andJordan assumedsovereignty over the territory between Israel’s eastern border and theJordan River (theWest Bank), including East Jerusalem. During theSix-Day War of June 1967, Israel occupied those territories as well as theGolan Heights—a patch of Syrian land on Israel’s northeastern border—and Egypt’sSinai Peninsula. Following hiselection as U.S. president, Carter committed himself to working toward acomprehensiveMiddle East peace settlement based onUN Resolution 242 (November 1967), which called for the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied territories, Arab recognition of and peace with Israel (stipulations that the Arab states had refused to agree to), and a just settlement to the problem of Palestinian refugees displaced by the establishment of Israel and the 1967 war.

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This Day in History Quiz: September 17

Early in his presidency, Carter met with leaders of the Middle East and was especially encouraged by President Sadat. Sadat wanted the Israeli-occupied Sinai returned to Egypt, as well as peace for his people and a stronger relationship with theUnited States. The U.S. president also met withBegin, who had only recently become prime minister, and found him willing to consider the measures that Carter had discussed with Sadat.

In November 1977 Sadat initiated direct contacts with Israel and made a dramatic visit to Jerusalem, where he spoke to the IsraeliKnesset (parliament). However, areciprocal visit by Begin was unsuccessful, and no progress was made toward peace.Rosalynn Carter, the U.S.first lady, then suggested to her husband that he invite Sadat and Begin toCamp David, in ruralMaryland, where the relative privacy and seclusion might provide a setting for a breakthrough.

(Read Britannica’s 1980 interview with Anwar Sadat.)

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The summit

The two leaders accepted Carter’s invitation, and the summit began on September 5, 1978, and lasted for 13 days. It was extremely unusual for heads of state to engage in a summit meeting at which the outcome was so much in doubt. Not only had Egypt and Israel been at war for decades, but the personality differences of the leaders promised to complicate thedialogue. Begin, always formal in dress and manner, was extremely detail-oriented and careful about the possible ramifications of any agreements. He was pessimistic about what he believed could be achieved at Camp David and insisted that the objective be limited to developing an agenda for future meetings. By contrast, Sadat wore fashionable sports clothes, was relaxed and forthcoming, and was willing to join in comprehensive negotiations aimed at settling all controversial issues during the few days of the summit.

All three men were accompanied by their leadingforeign policy advisers, but Carter preferred that the three men work together in private sessions in a small office at Aspen, his cabin at Camp David. He also insisted that there be no direct press coverage of the meetings, fearing it would have a negative effect on negotiations. A humorous situation arose right before the first meeting, an awkward moment that nonetheless shed light on the personalities involved. After President Carter and the first lady entered the cabin, Begin and Sadat hesitated over who should follow through the doorway. Both men laughed, and Begin insisted that Sadat proceed first. As the first lady noted later, “Jimmy said to me that Begin would never go ahead of Sadat, being perfectly proper according to protocol—president above prime minister.”

After three days of negotiations, the heated discussions reached an impasse, and direct discourse between Sadat and Begin became impossible. Carter then compiled a single document thatencompassed a resolution of the major issues, presented the proposals to each leader in separate meetings, assessed their comments, and redrafted the manuscript some two dozen times, shuttling the manuscript back and forth for their review. (This single-document method became a mainstay of Carter’s post-presidency work at the Carter Center to resolve international disputes.)

As the days passed, prospects for a settlement at Camp David appeared so bleak that Sadat threatened to leave, and Carter began planning to return to theWhite House and suffer the likely political consequences of failure. An agreement was reached on the final day, however, when, at the last minute, Begin agreed to allow the Knesset to decide the fate of the settlements Israelis had established on the Sinai Peninsula (which Sadat had requireddismantled and Begin had sworn not to abandon).

A framework for peace

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The eventual outcome of these talks, the “Framework for Peace in the Middle East,” had three parts: (1) a process for Palestinian self-government in the West Bank andGaza, (2) a framework for the conclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, and (3) a similar framework for peace treaties between Israel and its other neighbors. The prime minister and the Israeli Knesset agreed that a transitional self-governing Palestinian authority was to be elected to replace Israeli political and military forces in the occupied territories.

The peace treaty that Israel and Egypt signed in March 1979 closely reflected President Carter’s proposals at Camp David and formally ended the state of war that had existed between the two countries. Israel agreed towithdraw from Sinai, and Egypt promised to establish normal diplomatic relations between the two countries and open theSuez Canal to Israeli ships (which until then had been banned from the waterway). These provisions were duly carried out. However, most Arab countries, rather than following Egypt’s lead, ostracized Egypt and expelled it from theArab League. ThePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO), professing to speak for the Palestinian people, also rejected the accords. Nonetheless, the next major advance in Middle East peace negotiations, theOslo Accords signed by Israel and the PLO in 1993, includedprovisions with regard to the West Bank and Gaza that were similar to those in the Camp David Accords. These included a transitional period, an elected self-governing Palestinian authority, withdrawal of the Israelimilitary government and redeployment of Israeli troops, the establishment of a local police force, and a plan to move ahead with negotiations on the final status of the occupied territories.