Stan Lee (born December 28, 1922,New York, New York, U.S.—died November 12, 2018,Los Angeles, California) was an Americancomic book writer best known for his work withMarvel Comics. Among the hundreds of characters and teams that he helped to create were theFantastic Four,Spider-Man, theAvengers, and theX-Men.

Early life and role at Marvel Comics

After graduating fromhigh school at age 16, Lieber was hired as an editorial assistant forTimely Comics, and in 1942 he was promoted to editor. By that time he had begun writing comic-book scripts for Timely as Stan Lee, a pseudonym that eventually became his legal name. In the 1940s and ’50s—during which time the group, later named Atlas, struggled financially—Lee created several comic-book series, includingThe Witness,The Destroyer,Jack Frost,Whizzer, andBlack Marvel.

In 1961 Lee and artistJack Kirby createdThe Fantastic Four, about four astronauts who gain superpowers after a cosmic incident. The series made him and Atlas—now known as Marvel—major forces in the comics world. One year later Lee and artist Steve Ditko createdSpider-Man. Lee, Kirby, and Ditko adopted a collaborative workflow that came to be known as “the Marvel method.” The technique gave artists significantly more input on story plotting, and it allowed Marvel to produce new content at a dizzying rate. The books joined aroster of increasingly successful series that also includedThe Incredible Hulk. Lee and Kirby added another winner to the group when they createdThe X-Men in 1963. A distinctive feature of Lee’s comic-book heroes is that they combine superhuman powers with human insecurities and emotions. Marvel continued to prosper, and in 1972 Lee became publisher and editorial director of the group.

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Later work and participation in the Marvel Cinematic Universe

After working for Marvel in an official capacity for nearly 60 years, Lee began to pursue other projects, and in 1999 he formedStan Lee Media, an Internet entertainment company built around his creations. Eventually his role at Marvel became that of chairman emeritus. Lee’s new firm did well with its first project, an animated online series called7th Portal, which featured aliens who enter Earth through a “7th portal”—the Internet. After this initial success, however, the company was beset by a number of lawsuits and corruption charges. It filed for bankruptcy in February 2001. In 2004 Pow Entertainment was established for Lee’s various new characters and franchises. He and his partners sold the company in 2017.

Filmadaptations based on the series that Lee cocreated were highly successful.X-Men (2000) andSpider-Man (2002) launched blockbuster franchises that earned billions of dollars in box-office revenue worldwide. Other Lee creations to receive the Hollywood treatment wereDaredevil (2003),Hulk (2003), andIron Man (2008). Lee was often featured in cameo roles in those films, a tradition that continued afterDisney purchased Marvel in 2009. A flood of Marvel films followed the acquisition, including those based on Lee-Kirby creations such asThor (2011), the Avengers (2012), andAnt-Man (2015). Lee’scameos became fan-favourite “Easter eggs” within the Marvel Cinematic Universe—as the films’ shared world came to be known—and he eventually appeared in dozens of Marvel movies, television shows, and video games. His brief role inGuardians of the GalaxyVol. 2 (2017) clarified that Lee was, in fact, portraying the same character in each of these appearances and that his recurring role has been that of a chronicler of the events of the Marvel Universe. In November 2002 Lee filed a $10 million lawsuit against Marvel after failing to receive any profits from the firstSpider-Man movie, and in 2005 the court ruled in favour of Lee.

In addition to his work in other media, Lee wrote books on comics and on his own life. His published works includeOrigins of Marvel Comics (1974),Excelsior!: The Amazing Life of Stan Lee (2002), andStan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book (2003). In 2008 he was awarded a National Medal of Arts.