Ovid (born March 20, 43bce, Sulmo, Roman Empire [nowSulmona, Italy]—died 17ce, Tomis, Moesia [now Constanṭa, Romania]) was a Roman poet noted especially for hisArs amatoria andMetamorphoses. His verse had immense influence both by its imaginative interpretations of Classicalmyth and as an example of supreme technical accomplishment.

Life

Publius Ovidius Naso was, like most Roman men of letters, a provincial. He was born at Sulmo, a small town about 90 miles (140 km) east ofRome. The main events of his life are described in an autobiographical poem in theTristia (Sorrows). His family was old and respectable, and sufficiently well-to-do for his father to be able to send him and his elder brother to Rome to be educated. At Rome he embarked, under the best teachers of the day, on the study ofrhetoric. Ovid was thought to have the makings of a good orator, but in spite of his father’sadmonitions he neglected his studies for the verse writing that came so naturally to him.

As a member of the Roman knightly class (whose rank lay between the commons and the Senate), Ovid was marked by his position, and intended by his father, for an official career. First, however, he spent some time at Athens (then a favourite finishing school for young men of the upper classes) and traveled inAsia Minor andSicily. Afterward he dutifully held some minor judicial posts, the first steps on the official ladder, but he soon decided that public life did not suit him. From then on he abandoned his official career tocultivatepoetry and the society of poets.

Ovid’s first work, theAmores (The Loves), had an immediate success and was followed, in rapid succession, by theEpistolae Heroidum, orHeroides (Epistles of the Heroines), theMedicamina faciei (“Cosmetics”; Eng. trans.The Art of Beauty), theArs amatoria (The Art of Love), and theRemedia amoris (Remedies for Love), all reflecting the brilliant, sophisticated, pleasure-seeking society in which he moved. The common theme of those early poems is love and amorous intrigue, but it is unlikely that they mirror Ovid’s own life very closely. Of his three marriages the first two were short-lived, but his third wife, of whom he speaks with respect and affection, remained constant to him until his death. At Rome Ovid enjoyed the friendship and encouragement of Marcus Valerius Messalla, thepatron of a circle that included the poetAlbius Tibullus, whom Ovid knew only for a short time before his untimely death. Ovid’s other friends included the poetsHorace andSextus Propertius and the grammarian Hyginus.

Having won an assured position among the poets of the day, Ovid turned to more-ambitious projects, theMetamorphoses and theFasti (“Calendar”; Eng. trans.Ovid’s Fasti). The former was nearly complete, the latter half finished, when his life was shattered by a sudden and crushing blow. In 8ce the emperorAugustus banished him to Tomis (or Tomi; near modernConstanṭa, Romania) on theBlack Sea. The reasons for Ovid’sexile will never be fully known. Ovid specifies two, hisArs amatoria and an offense which he does not describe beyond insisting that it was an indiscretion (error), not a crime (scelus). Of the many explanations that have been offered of that mysterious indiscretion, the most probable is that he had become an involuntary accomplice in theadultery of Augustus’s granddaughter, the younger Julia, who also was banished at the same time. In 2bce her mother, the elderJulia, had similarly been banished for immorality, and theArs amatoria had appeared while that scandal was still fresh in the public mind. Those coincidences, together with the tone of Ovid’s reference to his offense, suggest that he behaved in some way that was damaging both to Augustus’s program ofmoral reform and to the honour of the imperial family. Since his punishment, which was the milder form of banishment called relegation, did not entail confiscation of property or loss of citizenship, his wife, who was well-connected, remained in Rome to protect his interests and to intercede for him.

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Exile at Tomis, a port originally settled by Greeks on the extreme confines of the Roman Empire, was a cruel punishment for a man of Ovid’s temperament and habits. He never ceased to hope, if not for pardon, at least for mitigation of sentence, keeping up in theTristia and theEpistulae ex Ponto (“Letters from the Black Sea”) a ceaseless stream of pathetic pleas, chiefly through his wife and friends, to the emperor. But neither Augustus nor his successorTiberius relented, and there are hints in the later poems that Ovid was even becomingreconciled to his fate when death released him.