Maria Callas (born December 2, 1923, New York City,New York, U.S.—died September 16, 1977,Paris, France) was an American-born Greek operaticsoprano who revived classical coloratura roles in the mid-20th century with her lyrical and dramatic versatility. She is considered one ofopera’s mosticonic and influential singers.

Early life

She was born in New York City, the daughter of Greek immigrants Evangelia (“Litsa”) Kalogeropoulos (née Dimitriadou) and George Kalogeropoulos; their surname was later changed to Callas. From an early age, Maria Callas displayed a talent forsinging, and her mother pressed her to perform. Despite her musical gifts, Callas felt overshadowed by her elder sister, whom she believed was her mother’s favorite. In a1956 interview withTime magazine, Callas said:

My sister was slim and beautiful and friendly, and my mother always preferred her. I was the ugly duckling, fat and clumsy and unpopular. It is a cruel thing to make a child feel ugly and unwanted.

Callas’s home life was also made difficult by her parents’ increasinglyvolatile relationship. In 1937 Evangelia Callas took her two daughters to Athens, and Maria Callas studied at the National Conservatory and later at the Athens Conservatory with soprano Elvira de Hidalgo. Callas was soon singing locally, performing in such productions asCavalleria rusticana andBoccaccio. In 1942 she made her professional debut in a lead role, appearing as the title character inGiacomo Puccini’sTosca. Her performance drew critical acclaim.

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As Callas’s career was beginning,World War II started, and in 1941 Greece was occupied by theAxis powers. She later claimed that her mother forced her to entertain German and Italian soldiers for money and food. This further strained their relationship, and in the early 1950s Callas largely stopped talking to her mother.

“La Divina”

In 1945 Callas returned to theUnited States. Her career began inearnest in August 1947, when she appeared inLa Gioconda at the arena inVerona, Italy. Soon, under the tutoring of conductor Tullio Serafin, she made debuts inVenice,Turin, andFlorence. In 1949 she first appeared inRome,Buenos Aires, andNaples and in 1950 inMexico City. These performances helped earn Callas the nickname “La Divina” (“The Divine One”).

Callas’s rise to the forefront of contemporary opera was due, in part, to her powerful, dramaticsoprano voice, which was capable of sustaining both lyric and coloratura roles. Her success was also attributed to her strong sense oftheater and her scrupulously high artistic standards, which helped earn her a reputation as a diva. Her abilities made possible the revival of 19th-centurybel canto works, notably those ofVincenzo Bellini andGaetano Donizetti, that had long been dropped from standardrepertoires.

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In 1950 Callas made her debut at the prestigiousLa Scala inMilan, singing inI Vespri siciliani. Two years later she appeared atCovent Garden,London. Her American debut took place in November 1954 at Chicago’s Lyric Opera in the title role ofNorma, a performance she repeated before a record audience at theMetropolitan Opera inNew York City. Callas’s recordings were enthusiastically received, and she was one of the most popular singers of the period.

Vocal issues and final performances

By the late 1950s Callas had begun to experience vocal issues, most notably an unevenness in higher registers. While someattributed the problems to her dramatic weight lost around 1954, others blamed earlier “heavy” roles, which are vocally demanding, requiring the performer to sing loudly and with power. Callas herself blamed a loss of strength in her diaphragm. Whatever the cause, in the 1960s she began to scale back her performances.

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After a final operatic performance as Tosca at London’s Covent Garden (1964), Callas made thefilmMedea (1969). In 1966 she became a Greek citizen and relinquished her U.S. citizenship. She taught master classes in opera atJuilliard (1972) before a last U.S. and European concert tour (1973–74). By the time of her retirement, she had performed more than 40 different roles and had recorded more than 20 complete operas.

Personal life

Off stage, Callas attracted much attention for her turbulent personal life. Her much-publicized volatile temperament resulted in several protracted feuds with rivals and managers. Her love life also made headlines. In 1949 Callas married Giovanni Battista Meneghini, who was 20 years her senior. He was a wealthy brick manufacturer, but he eventually sold his business to become her manager. In 1959 Callas left Meneghini forAristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate. Their relationship ended in 1968, when Onassis wedJackie Kennedy—though some reports stated that Callas and Onassis continued to see each other.

Callas settled in Paris, and she became reclusive in her later years. In 1977, at age 53, she died from aheart attack.

Popular culture

Callas inspired numerous books, movies, and Broadway productions. Her personality and philosophy of performance are powerfully depicted inTerrence McNally’s playMaster Class (first performed and published 1995), based on her classes at Juilliard.Franco Zeffirelli, who had worked with Callas on several operas, later directed the biopicCallas Forever (2002), which starredFanny Ardant. Other notable movies includeMaria (2024), withAngelina Jolie in the title role.