As a result of Polo’s reticence concerning personal matters and the controversies surrounding the text, Polo’s reputation has suffered dramatic ups and downs. For some scholars, novelists, filmmakers, and dramatists, he was a brilliant young courtier, a man of prodigious memory, a mostconscientious observer, and a successful official at thecosmopolitan court of the Mongol rulers. For others he was a braggart, a drifter ready to believe the gossip of ports and bazaars, a man with littleculture, scant imagination, and a total lack of humour. Still others argue that he never went toChina at all, noting that he failed, among other things, to mention theGreat Wall of China, the use of tea, and the ideographic script of the Far East, and that contemporary Chinese records show no trace of Polo. (But under what name was he known? Who would recognize the 16th- and 17th-century Italian missionaryMatteo Ricci under Li Matou or the 18th-century painter Giuseppe Castiglione under Lang Shining?)

A more balanced view must take into account many factors, especially the textual problem andmedieval ideas of the world. Modern scholarship and research have, however, given a new depth and scope to his work. It is generally recognized that he reported faithfully what he saw and heard, but that much of what he heard was fabulous or distorted. In any case, Polo’s account opened new vistas to the European mind, and as Western horizons expanded, Polo’s influence grew as well. His description ofJapan set a definite goal forChristopher Columbus in his journey in 1492, while his detailed localizations ofspices encouraged Westernmerchants to seek out these areas and break the age-old Arab trading monopoly. The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries, during the age of the great European voyages of discovery and conquest.