George Gaylord Simpson (born June 16, 1902,Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died Oct. 6, 1984,Tucson, Ariz.) was an American paleontologist known for his contributions to evolutionary theory and to the understanding of intercontinental migrations ofanimal species in past geological times.

Simpson received a doctorate fromYale University in 1926. He chose for the subject of histhesis themammals of theMesozoic Era, which are important for the understanding of mammalianevolution, although evidence of their existence consists mainly of tantalizing fragments of jaws and teeth. The materials were located chiefly in the Peabody Museum at Yale and theBritish Museum in London. Simpson produced substantial quarto monographs on the two collections, making his reputation as an able worker in mammalianpaleontology.

In 1927 he joined the staff of theAmerican Museum of Natural History,New York City, where he was to continue research in paleontology for three decades. The first 15 years were highly productive; he published about 150 scientific papers, many of considerable importance. A few dealt with lower vertebrates, but nearly all were on mammalian paleontology. In his first years in New York City he was interested in the fauna of Florida of theNeogene Period and thePleistocene Epoch (the Pleistocene, which followed the Neogene Period, began about 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago). He published a number of works on this topic. For the most part, however, his interests were in the early history of mammals, and most of his publications in the 1930s were concerned with this field. He studied the Cretaceous mammals of Mongolia andNorth America, especially the Paleocene fauna of the latter continent (thePaleocene Epoch began about 65.5 million years ago and ended about 55.8 million years ago). This resulted in a major work on the Paleocene fauna of the Fort Union Formation of Montana, in which about 50 mammals of a variety ofprimitive types were found. The breadth of his studies of mammalian evolution led to the writing of a detailedclassification of mammals that is standard in the field.

In the early Cenozoic a series of mammalian fauna lived inSouth America that were quite unlike those of any other continent. Those of the Neogene and Pleistocene forms were fairly well known, but little was known of the earlier history of the peculiar South American groups. Hence, in the early 1930s he made three expeditions toPatagonia to collect new material and re-study specimens already described; as a result of these efforts, the early history of the Neogene mammals of South America became vastly better known. He published several dozen papers on these forms in the late 1930s and afterward two volumes summarizing their early history.

DuringWorld War II Simpson did staff work for the U.S. Army, principally inNorth Africa. On his return to the American Museum, he becamecurator in charge of the active department of paleontology, as well as a professor atColumbia University. This restricted the time available for research, but his scientific productivity remained undiminished. While his descriptive work in paleontology continued, his interests spread to other fields. The possibility of applying mathematical methods to paleontology had already led to his coauthorship of a work on quantitativezoology. A consideration of the successive faunas of the various continental areas led to studies of the problems of the intercontinental migrations of animal species. Problems oftaxonomy and classification are intimately connected with evolutionary studies, and, in addition to giving a thorough consideration of principles of classification in his work on mammalian classification, he published in 1961 a volume onThe Principles of Animal Taxonomy. In a series of lectures which appeared in book form asThe Meaning of Evolution in 1949, he discussed the philosophicalimplications of the acceptance of evolutionary theory, which attracted worldwide attention. In the postwar period there was a renewed study of evolutionary theory by geneticists, systematists, and paleontologists. Simpson took a major part in such studies; his principal publications in the area were his volumesTempo and Mode in Evolution (1944; reissued 1984) andMajor Features of Evolution (1953).

In 1958 Simpson left New York City to spend a decade as an Alexander Agassiz Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. After that he moved to Tucson, Ariz., where he became professor of geosciences at theUniversity of Arizona, a post from which he retired in 1982. He continued to publish widely. Later works includeSplendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals (1980),Why and How: Some Problems and Methods in Historical Biology (1980), andFossils and the History of Life (1983).