Garry Kasparov (born April 13, 1963,Baku,Azerbaijan,U.S.S.R. [now Baku, Azerbaijan]) is a Soviet-bornchess master who became the world chess champion in 1985. Kasparov was the youngest world chess champion (at 22 years of age) and the first world chess champion to be defeated by asupercomputer in a competitive match.

(Read Garry Kasparov’s Britannica essay on chess & Deep Blue.)

Kasparov was born to a Jewish father and anArmenian mother. He began playing chess at age 6, by age 13 was the Sovietyouth champion, and won his first international tournament at age 16 in 1979. Kasparov became an international grandmaster in 1980. From 1973 to 1978 he studied under former world championMikhail Botvinnik.

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Kasparov first challenged the reigning world championAnatoly Karpov in a 1984–85 match, after he survived the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE; the international chess federation) series of elimination matches. Kasparov lost four out of the first nine games but then adopted a careful defensive stance, taking an extraordinarily long series of drawn games with the champion. With Kasparov finally having won three games from the exhausted Karpov, FIDE halted the series after 48 games, a decision protested by Kasparov. In the two players’ rematch in 1985, Kasparov narrowly defeated Karpov in a 24-game series and thereby became the youngest official champion in the history of the game.

In 1993 Kasparov and the English grandmasterNigel Short left FIDE and formed arival organization, theProfessional Chess Association (PCA). In response, FIDE stripped the title of world champion from Kasparov, who defeated Short that same year to become the PCA world champion. In 1995 he successfully defended his PCA title againstViswanathan Anand of India; the PCA disbanded in 1996.

In 1996 Kasparov defeated a powerfulIBM custom-built chesscomputer known asDeep Blue in a match that attracted worldwide attention. Kasparov and the team of Deep Blue programmers agreed to have a rematch in 1997. Deep Blue’s intelligence was upgraded, and the machine prevailed. Kasparov resigned in the last game of the six-game match after 19 moves, granting the win to Deep Blue. In 2000 Kasparov lost a 16-game championship match toVladimir Kramnik ofRussia.

Kasparov retired from competitivechess in 2005, though not from involvement in chess. In particular, he produced an acclaimed series of books,Kasparov on My Great Predecessors (2003–06), that covered all the world chess champions fromWilhelm Steinitz throughKarpov, as well as many other great players. InDeep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins (2017), Kasparov offered details of his 1997 match with Deep Blue while praising technological progress. Following his retirement, Kasparov continued to participate in exhibition matches and to coach other players still active in competitive chess.

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Kasparov also remained in the public eye with his decision in 2005 to start a political organization, the United Civil Front, to oppose Russian Pres.Vladimir Putin. In 2006 Kasparov was one of the prime movers behind a broadcoalition of political parties that formedthe Other Russia, a group held together by only one goal: ousting Putin from power. In 2007, following several protest marches organized by the coalition in which Kasparov and other participants were arrested, the Other Russia chose Kasparov as its candidate for the 2008 presidentialelection but was unable to nominate him by the deadline. He continued to be an outspoken critic of Putin, and in 2015 he publishedWinter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. Kasparov also served as a contributing editor forThe Wall Street Journal from 1991. He became a Croatian citizen in 2014.