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主管：中国科学院
主办：中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所
出版：科学出版社

人类学学报 ››2025,Vol. 44 ››Issue (02): 270-282.doi:10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0102cstr:32091.14.j.1000-3193/AAS.2024.0102

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

山东广饶地区元代人群的生存压力

郭明晓1,2(), 詹森杨3, 曾雯1(), 游海杰1, 宋美玲1,4   

  1. 1.山东大学文化遗产研究院，青岛 266237
    2.青岛市文物保护考古研究所，青岛 266003
    3.山东省水下考古研究中心，济南 250109
    4.河北省文物考古研究院，石家庄 050031

Survival stress of the Yuan Dynasty population in Guangrao, Shandong

GUO Mingxiao1,2(), ZHAN Senyang3, ZENG Wen1(), YOU Haijie1, SONG Meiling1,4  

  1. 1. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237
    2. Qingdao Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics Protection and Archaeology, Qingdao 266003
    3. Shandong Underwater Archaeology Research Center, Jinan 250109
    4. Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Shijiazhuang 050031
  • Received:2023-10-10Accepted:2024-01-11Online:2025-04-15Published:2025-04-15

摘要：

为探究元代山东地区人群的生存压力，本文对山东广饶十村北墓地2021年出土的19例元代人骨标本进行了人类骨骼考古学研究和稳定同位素分析。通过C、N同位素分析，发现该墓地人群基本以粟和小麦为食，人群肉食资源较为充足、营养较好，但内部的肉食资源摄入水平存在一定的差异。在生存压力研究方面，在该墓地人群的生长发育过程中，大部分个体未因虚弱而死亡，仅有少数个体因营养水平等原因早逝。结合骨学悖论和生命史研究，将该人群按照是否成年分组进行分析。研究显示，4例未成年个体之间承担压力的能力存在差异，但经历生长压力较重的事件后均未能形成较强的抵抗力和调整能力。得益于营养充足，其余未成年个体在成年后进入了健康期，体能和生理健康处于最高水平，恢复力较强，具有一定承担和适应压力的能力。15例成年个体受社会地位等因素影响缺乏足够的文化缓冲机制，面临较重的生存压力。

关键词:墓地,元代,人骨,古病理学

Abstract:

This paper presents an archaeological study of human bone remains and stable isotope analysis of 19 Yuan Dynasty human bone specimens excavated from the Shicun North Cemetery in Guangrao, Shandong in 2021. Based on burial items and tomb layout, it is concluded that the Shicun North Cemetery dates back to the Yuan Dynasty. With a minimal quantity of mostly common burial objects per tomb, this cemetery is identified as a civilian cemetery. The research aims to gain insights into the survival stress of the people in Guangrao, Shandong during the Yuan Dynasty.

Three individuals had fractures, including lumbar vertebra compression fractures, metatarsal fractures, and frontal bone fractures. The frontal bone’s depressed fracture, potentially caused by violence, was relatively rare. This indicates that society was likely stable at that time. There might have been occasional minor disputes, but overall, people lived in peace.

The results of C and N isotope analysis show that the cemetery population mainly consumed millet and wheat, which is consistent with the grain-consumption structure of the Yuan Dynasty in Shandong, where both millet and wheat were equally emphasized. Meanwhile, the meat supply for the population was relatively abundant and nutritious, yet there were differences in individual consumption levels.

In the study of survival stress, most people in this cemetery community survived the vulnerable growth and development stages, with only a small number failing to do so due to nutritional status or other factors. To conduct the analysis, the population was divided into adults and minors using osteological paradox and life-history studies. The four minor cases had varying stress-bearing capacities, but none developed strong resistance and adaptability after experiencing severe growth-related stress. One individual was in a vulnerable state and had the strongest pressure-bearing ability among them. Another individual had a weaker pressure-bearing ability compared to others.

Adult individuals, benefiting from sufficient nutrition, entered a healthy period after reaching adulthood, with high levels of physical and physiological health, strong resilience, and the ability to tolerate and adapt to stress to a certain extent. However, adults also faced higher stress levels because, due to social status and other reasons, they lacked adequate cultural buffering mechanisms.

Key words:cemetery,Yuan Dynasty,human skeleton,paleopathology

中图分类号: 

引用本文

郭明晓, 詹森杨, 曾雯, 游海杰, 宋美玲. 山东广饶地区元代人群的生存压力[J]. 人类学学报, 2025, 44(02): 270-282.

GUO Mingxiao, ZHAN Senyang, ZENG Wen, YOU Haijie, SONG Meiling. Survival stress of the Yuan Dynasty population in Guangrao, Shandong[J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2025, 44(02): 270-282.

使用本文

图1 广饶县十村北墓地M8墓室底部遗存的分布及墓壁上的砖雕
Fig.1 Distribution of remnants (Left) at the bottom of M8 tomb in North Shicun Cemetery, Guangrao County and brick carvings (Right) on the tomb wall

图1 广饶县十村北墓地M8墓室底部遗存的分布及墓壁上的砖雕

Fig.1 Distribution of remnants (Left) at the bottom of M8 tomb in North Shicun Cemetery, Guangrao County and brick carvings (Right) on the tomb wall

图2 广饶县十村北墓地人群两性死亡年龄分布
Fig.2 Distribution of death ages of residents in the cemetery, Guangrao County

图2 广饶县十村北墓地人群两性死亡年龄分布

Fig.2 Distribution of death ages of residents in the cemetery, Guangrao County

表1 广饶县十村北墓地样品测试值
Tab.1 Data of samples of Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County
样本号Individual实验编号Experiment No.样品SampleC percentN percentMolar ratio C/NPermillage ofδ13CPermillage ofδ15N
M3GR01肋骨44.3%16.6%3.1-14.29.9
M4-1GR02肋骨44.8%16.3%3.2-13.810.7
M4-2GR03腓骨41.4%15.1%3.2-14.210.2
M7-1GR04肋骨43.5%15.8%3.2-13.110.6
M7-2GR05右侧腓骨45.1%16.3%3.2-15.39.9
M8-1GR06右侧胫骨40.6%14.8%3.2-14.210.5
M8-2GR07肋骨28.3%10.4%3.2-14.111.7
M8-3GR08左侧肱骨41.5%15.1%3.2-14.611.2
M10GR09左侧腓骨41.0%14.7%3.2-14.18.2
M11-1GR10右侧肋骨45.0%16.4%3.2-13.811.2
M11-2GR11肋骨46.2%16.9%3.2-12.88.9
M12-1GR12左侧尺骨42.4%15.3%3.2-13.310.6
M12-2GR13右侧胫骨41.3%14.9%3.2-14.59.9
M13GR14肋骨残片44.6%16.3%3.2-15.59.9
M14GR15左侧股骨37.8%13.8%3.2-10.68.9
M15-1GR16桡骨44.6%16.2%3.2-13.611.1
M15-2GR17肋骨46.4%16.9%3.2-11.811.5
M16-1GR18肋骨42.4%15.4%3.2-11.711.2
M16-2GR19腓骨38.0%13.5%3.3-11.910.6

表1 广饶县十村北墓地样品测试值

Tab.1 Data of samples of Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

样本号Individual实验编号Experiment No.样品SampleC percentN percentMolar ratio C/NPermillage ofδ13CPermillage ofδ15N
M3GR01肋骨44.3%16.6%3.1-14.29.9
M4-1GR02肋骨44.8%16.3%3.2-13.810.7
M4-2GR03腓骨41.4%15.1%3.2-14.210.2
M7-1GR04肋骨43.5%15.8%3.2-13.110.6
M7-2GR05右侧腓骨45.1%16.3%3.2-15.39.9
M8-1GR06右侧胫骨40.6%14.8%3.2-14.210.5
M8-2GR07肋骨28.3%10.4%3.2-14.111.7
M8-3GR08左侧肱骨41.5%15.1%3.2-14.611.2
M10GR09左侧腓骨41.0%14.7%3.2-14.18.2
M11-1GR10右侧肋骨45.0%16.4%3.2-13.811.2
M11-2GR11肋骨46.2%16.9%3.2-12.88.9
M12-1GR12左侧尺骨42.4%15.3%3.2-13.310.6
M12-2GR13右侧胫骨41.3%14.9%3.2-14.59.9
M13GR14肋骨残片44.6%16.3%3.2-15.59.9
M14GR15左侧股骨37.8%13.8%3.2-10.68.9
M15-1GR16桡骨44.6%16.2%3.2-13.611.1
M15-2GR17肋骨46.4%16.9%3.2-11.811.5
M16-1GR18肋骨42.4%15.4%3.2-11.711.2
M16-2GR19腓骨38.0%13.5%3.3-11.910.6
图3 广饶县十村北墓葬人群生存压力指标典型标本 1. M11-1牙釉质发育不全 Enamel hypoplasia of M11-1；2. M11-2眶顶板筛孔样变 Cribra orbitalia of M11-2；3. M16-1多孔性骨肥厚 Porotic hyperostosis of M16-1； 4. M4-2骨膜炎 Periostitis of M4-2
Fig.3 The typical specimen of stress indicators in Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

图3 广饶县十村北墓葬人群生存压力指标典型标本 1. M11-1牙釉质发育不全 Enamel hypoplasia of M11-1；2. M11-2眶顶板筛孔样变 Cribra orbitalia of M11-2；3. M16-1多孔性骨肥厚 Porotic hyperostosis of M16-1； 4. M4-2骨膜炎 Periostitis of M4-2

Fig.3 The typical specimen of stress indicators in Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

图4 广饶县十村北墓地人群骨折创伤 1. M12-2额骨骨折 Frontal bone fracture in sample M12-2；2. M12-2 颅骨三维重建模型3D reconstruction model of M12-2 cranium；3. M15-2跖骨骨折 Metatarsal fracture in sample M15-2；4. M12-2腰椎压缩性骨折 Compression fracture of M12-2 lumbar spine；5. M12-2 额骨CT扫描结果 Frontal bone CT scan of M12-2
Fig.4 Fractures in Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

图4 广饶县十村北墓地人群骨折创伤 1. M12-2额骨骨折 Frontal bone fracture in sample M12-2；2. M12-2 颅骨三维重建模型3D reconstruction model of M12-2 cranium；3. M15-2跖骨骨折 Metatarsal fracture in sample M15-2；4. M12-2腰椎压缩性骨折 Compression fracture of M12-2 lumbar spine；5. M12-2 额骨CT扫描结果 Frontal bone CT scan of M12-2

Fig.4 Fractures in Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

图5 广饶县十村北墓地人骨δ13C和δ15N值散点图
Fig.5 The scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N of human skeletons from Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

图5 广饶县十村北墓地人骨δ13C和δ15N值散点图

Fig.5 The scatter plot of δ13C and δ15N of human skeletons from Shicun North Cemetery, Guangrao County

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