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Medieval Europe refers to the historical period in European history from the 5th to the late 15th century, characterized by the decline of the Roman Empire, the rise of feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and significant cultural, political, and economic transformations leading to the Renaissance.

Queda rigurosamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra. Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de la cubierta, puede ser reproducida, almacenada, transmitida o utilizada mediante ningún tipo de medio o...more

Queda rigurosamente prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra. Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de la cubierta, puede ser reproducida, almacenada, transmitida o utilizada mediante ningún tipo de medio o sistema, sin autorización previa por escrito del editor.

In this paper I examine the political theology of Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, specifically Locke’s understanding of sovereignty and the right to rebellion in light of his repeated references to the Biblical judge Jephtha and...more

In this paper I examine the political theology of Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, specifically Locke’s understanding of sovereignty and the right to rebellion in light of his repeated references to the Biblical judge Jephtha and his appeal to Heaven. While Carl Schmitt rightly noted that Lock failed to  provide an adequate or coherent answer to the question of the sovereign decision (or in Locke’s phrase, “Who shall be judge?”), I argue that Schmitt is wrong to see this as an inevitable incoherence in liberal constitutional theory, and that Locke’s reticence was intentional. Locke’s intention was not to present a coherent theory of liberal constitutionality, but rather to promote an imperfect but pragmatically satisfactory liberal practice aimed at avoiding the twin evils of tyranny and civil war. The minimal political theology of the Second Treatise at once admits the limits of any theoretical solution to the problem of politics and serves as a critique of any more robust political theology that might itself become a further cause of political conflict.

The dissertation examines societal and social processes involved in the formation and early development of Copenhagen and studies how urban life formed by investigating the material remains of daily life and practices, mainly from the...more

The dissertation examines societal and social processes involved in the formation and early development of Copenhagen and studies how urban life formed by investigating the material remains of daily life and practices, mainly from the centrally located archaeological site of Rådhuspladsen.

The decline, and then disappearance, of domestic potting in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Ireland has been described as "inconceivable" and a "conundrum" by Barry Raftery (1995). There seems no practical or technological reason for the...more

The decline, and then disappearance, of domestic potting in Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Ireland has been described as "inconceivable" and a "conundrum" by Barry Raftery (1995). There seems no practical or technological reason for the abandonment of this most useful artefact type. What is more, when domestic pottery is finally reintroduced to Ireland, the best part of a millennium later in the eighth century AD, its spread is limited to parts of Ulster. Native ceramics do not become common across Ireland again, until the thirteenth century AD. This paper assumes that, with no practical, or technological reason for pottery's abandonment in Ireland, there must have been cultural factors influencing society to abandon potting. Using the work of Claude Levi-Strauss and Mary Douglas, on the associations of food, food preparation and dining, with status and pollution, this paper will try to sketch out some possibilities as to the kinds of cultural process which may have made the early Irish eschew pottery.

Among the holdings preserved in the Vatican Apostolic Archive, the Registra Supplicationum remain among the least studied by Castilian historiography, despite representing a highly valuable source for the study of local dynamics in the...more

Among the holdings preserved in the Vatican Apostolic Archive, the Registra Supplicationum remain among the least studied by Castilian historiography, despite representing a highly valuable source for the study of local dynamics in the Late Middle Ages.
This research focuses on a significant episode in Segovia’s history: the petition submitted by Henry IV of Castile (1454–1474) in 1455 to obtain papal authorization for the foundation of the Monastery of San Antonio el Real. The analysis of this document not only contextualizes the foundation process within its political and ecclesiastical framework but also highlights the informative richness of this collection for Castilian historical research.
Through a diplomatic examination of the petition and its comparison with other records issued on behalf of the monarch, this study addresses aspects related to the formula, the iter of the document, and the diplomatic characteristics of this type of record. The research ultimately aims to emphasize the significance of the Registra Supplicationum as an essential source for understanding the interaction between monarchy and the papal curia in the fifteenth century, as well as their diplomatic value, which deserves thorough scholarly attention.

Despite being the author of such a fundamental work as the Decretum, Gratian has received uneven attention over the centuries and has often been studied using methods that are not always adequate. The purpose of this article is to...more

Despite being the author of such a fundamental work as the Decretum, Gratian has received uneven attention over the centuries and has often been studied using methods that are not always adequate. The    purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of Gratian’s iconography. In the context of  recurring patterns that take root and migrate along paths that are not always easy to trace, icono-graphic research can offer valuable insights for consolidating information that remains uncertain or underdeveloped in Gratian studies

Social and/or cultural anthropology, after more than a century of establishing itself as one of the most solid references in the social and cultural sciences, has constructed a consolidated narrative of the discipline, especially with...more

Social and/or cultural anthropology, after more than a century of establishing itself as one of the most solid references in the social and cultural sciences, has constructed a consolidated narrative of the discipline, especially with regard to its own trends and personalities. 1 For example, the history coordinated by George W. Stocking, Jr. is one of the most solid references (Stocking, 1968). Methodologically, paradigms or "-isms" have occupied almost all of the interpretive space in its development. This space is marked by epistemic evolutionism, adopted to narrate and give coherence to the discipline. Thus, the historical narrative of anthropology would be an orderly succession of paradigms and figures, advancing with internal harmony. However, it is necessary to review many obscure points, interstices, marginalities, and failed experiences that have pushed some anthropologists to the margins and made them invisible. In the history of anthropology promoted by Stocking, already well advanced in its 11th volume, an attempt was made to modify the official course, investigating interstitial aspects such as the role of Alfred L. Kroeber in the defense of Indian rights (Ray, 2006), or the place of Franz Boas in the Harlem Renaissance (Evans, 2006). But the matter did not go much further. Cases such as that of the anthropologist turned Indian Frank H. Cushing (Saumade & Pérez, 2022) or that of the Cuban Fernando Ortiz (Guanche & Matos, 2016) continued to be overlooked, and issues such as that concerning Alfred Kroeber himself and his relationship with the Indian Ishi, the last Yaki, and the ethical responsibilities of the anthropologist (Orin, 2004). Today, following the global dissemination of anthropological thought and methods, it is also necessary to incorporate indigenous thinking close to anthropology in order to rethink new epistemic paths, different from those taken so far. Precisely, the relationship between anthropological discourse and the complex of indigeneity or authenticity should lead to a revision of certain figures in the social and historical sciences. The Spanish-American Américo Castro is a unique case that deserves to be revisited from the anthropologist's perspective. The spontaneous problem suggested by his name relates him to convivencia, a word and concept linked to the late medieval Iberian Peninsula, whose scope extends to the present day, where convivencia is a model in epistemological dispute with multiculturalism, cultural plurality, coexistence, conviviality or diversity, respect and tolerance, terms more commonly used in Englishand French-speaking media.

In 2020 and 2021, the Regional Monuments Office Žilina acquired three gold ducats for the collections of regional museums. The coins come from two localities – Košt’any nad Turcom, district Martin and Liptovský Mikuláš, cadastre Ploštín,...more

In 2020 and 2021, the Regional Monuments Office Žilina acquired three gold ducats for the collections of regional museums. The coins come from two localities – Košt’any nad Turcom, district Martin and Liptovský Mikuláš, cadastre Ploštín, district Liptovský Mikuláš. While in the case
of the gold coin from Koštany nad Turcom it was a reported and handed over find, the two gold ducats from Ploštín were discovered during several years of systematic research of the Regional Monuments Office Žilina.
The gold ducat of Matthias I. Korvín (1458 – 1490) was found at the beginning of November 2020 during the removal of foil trees in the area of the Čambor Gardering, in the cadastre of the village Košt’any nad Turcom, in contact with the historical communication leading to Martin.
Two gold ducats of Ladislav V., which were found during archaeological research at the registered polycultural site in the Pod Rohačkou location, come from Liptovský Mikuláš, Ploštín catastery. Also in this case, the place of discovery coincides with the existence of a historical route.
The circulation of ducats of both rulers in Hungary was not only concentrated in the richer towns, but is also noticeable in smaller towns and in the countryside. This fact is confirmed by the three ducats from two different localities described by us.

Jeanne la Pucelle: «…I want clean up the errors, which those crépuscules of historians commit. Recently I heard a knave say: "Jeanne did not even take part at Patay in fight!" Me to Anyone: "Redis-le et j'extorterai ta merde pour en...more

Jeanne la Pucelle: «…I want clean up the errors, which those crépuscules of historians commit. Recently I heard a knave say: "Jeanne did not even take part at Patay in fight!" Me to Anyone: "Redis-le et j'extorterai ta merde pour en engraisser tes meurtilles!!".

O n th e Interpretation o f ialuns in th e N orw egian Runic T ext B2571 1. A Definition of the Problem 3 The correction of ialuns in iatuns is the only point of divergence with the published text, which otherwise follows Spurkland 1991:...more

O n th e Interpretation o f ialuns in th e N orw egian Runic T ext B2571 1. A Definition of the Problem 3 The correction of ialuns in iatuns is the only point of divergence with the published text, which otherwise follows Spurkland 1991: 293. 4 Liestøl 1965. 5 Liestøl 1964:41-42. 6 The reading ialuns has first been proposed in Spurkland íggi: 293.

On disciplines that serve as sources of knowledge about the religions of the Slavs, or on an unreliable historian and a reliable reviewer (response to Rafał Rutkowski's review) This article is devoted to refuting the allegations made in...more

On disciplines that serve as sources of knowledge about the religions of the Slavs, or on an unreliable historian and a reliable reviewer (response to Rafał Rutkowski's review) This article is devoted to refuting the allegations made in Rafał Rutkowski's review of my book The Religions of the Ancient Slavs. A Guide for the Perplexed (2023). Some of the reviewer's accusations are based on a manipulation of my text, while others stem from a lack of familiarity with the sources to which the reviewer refers. He attributes to me methodological positions that are foreign to me, based on an erroneous analysis of my book. I do not believe that archaeology and history are disciplines that fail as sources of knowledge on the ancient religious beliefs of the Slavs. I engage in the discussion with views expressed on the basis of these disciplines according to the methods employed by them. In ethnography, research on historical issues is not conducted because ethnography does not offer such methods. However, so-called ethnographic sources are subject to the same analytical procedures as any historical source. As a result, I reject all the criticisms implied in the review.

The knee joint is the largest and most complex both in humans and in canines. The internal forces that govern it, are not known exactly. Canine knee injuries are recurrent, especially in the anterior cruciate ligament, a disease that has...more

The knee joint is the largest and most complex both in humans and in canines. The internal forces that govern it, are not known exactly. Canine knee injuries are recurrent, especially in the anterior cruciate ligament, a disease that has become the focus of numerous research groups in the past 20 years and the development of dozens of techniques and methods of treatment within the veterinary community. This thesis was created to explore the biomechanics that govern the behavior of canine knee forces, in particular, to analyze the forces that cause the rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with a theoretical model. Moreover, experimental tests were carried out in vitro, the results of which will be contrasted with the model. First, the theoretical framework of biomechanics in the canine knee during the stance phase of the dog gait is reviewed and we propose a static biomechanical model of joint forces, to know the magnitude and direction of these. The second phase of the th...

Kudryavtsev A.A., Reshetova I.K. The Cemetery of St. George's Church on the Torg in the Topography of Yaroslav's Court and the Torg in Veliky Novgorod. The Church of St. George on the Torg, built in 1356 on the Torg side of Novgorod,...more

Kudryavtsev A.A., Reshetova I.K. The Cemetery of St. George's Church on the Torg in the Topography of Yaroslav's Court and the Torg in Veliky Novgorod. 
The Church of St. George on the Torg, built in 1356 on the Torg side of Novgorod, was located between the cobblestone streets in the middle of the Novgorod Torg. During its architectural and archaeological research in 2023, a part of a vast multi-tiered cemetery dating back to the 14th-18th centuries was discovered. This cemetery is the earliest among the other necropolises of Yaroslav's Court and the Torg.

En su intento por rescatar a las mujeres medievales del silencio, las investigaciones que se han ocupado de ellas, en los últimos años, las han considerado desde diversos enfo-ques. En tal sentido, algunos de esos trabajos las han...more

En su intento por rescatar a las mujeres medievales del silencio, las investigaciones que se han ocupado de ellas, en los últimos años, las han considerado desde diversos enfo-ques. En tal sentido, algunos de esos trabajos las han estudiado desde la perspectiva de la ...

Eine umfassende Geschichte des Göttinger Papsturkundenunternehmens, das 1896 von Paul Fridolin Kehr initiiert und 1897 von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen als Akademieunternehmen angenommen wurde, gibt es nicht. Das...more

Eine umfassende Geschichte des Göttinger Papsturkundenunternehmens, das 1896 von Paul Fridolin Kehr initiiert und 1897 von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen als Akademieunternehmen angenommen wurde, gibt es nicht. Das könnte zunächst verwundern, da das Unternehmen, das heute unter dem Titel „Göttinger Papsturkundenwerk“ geführt wird, aufgrund der Edition der Regesta Pontificum Romanorum von großer Bedeutung für die europäische Mediävistik und Kirchengeschichte ist und unter Kehr ein hohes internationales Ansehen erlangte.

In der vorliegenden Abhandlung wird erstmals dokumentiert, dass sich der 77jährige Kehr angesichts seines Alters und der finanziellen Schwierigkeiten der Zeit – direkt nach der Umwandlung der Monumenta Germaniae Historica in das Reichsinstitut für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde und dem Anschluss des Preußischen Historischen Instituts 1935 – mit verschiedenen Optionen einer erweiterten Organisationsstruktur im Papsturkundenunternehmen auseinandersetzte. Die Absicht, das Unternehmen nach seinem Tod mit einer neuartigen, finanzkräftigeren Organisationsstruktur und einem Standort fern von Göttingen zu hinterlassen, kollidierte jedoch massiv mit jener vertraglichen Regelung, die 40 Jahre zuvor zwischen ihm und der Göttinger Gesellschaft vereinbart worden war. Der ‚Brandbrief‘ des Monumentisten Carl Erdmann an den Vorsitzenden der Göttinger Papsturkundenkommission Karl Brandi, die bei der Gestapo eingegangene Anzeige Kehrs und die anschließende Beschlagnahme des Papsturkundenmaterials 1937 gehören in diesen Kontext. Hintergrund der Vorgänge war das von Erdmann aufgebrachte Gerücht einer Verlagerung des Papsturkundenmaterials in den Vatikan. Das Gerücht wurde 1942 von dem Mitarbeiter des Papsturkundenunternehmens Johannes Ramackers in einer Abhandlung der Göttinger Akademie veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Abhandlung analysiert erstmals, wie dieses Gerücht überhaupt entstehen konnte und warum es schließlich Eingang in eine wissenschaftliche Publikation fand.

Orta Çağ’da Avrupa’da genel itibariyle krallık ve kilise arasında rekabet ve çatışma sahnelerine çokça rastlanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla aynı durum, Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde de görülmektedir. Çünkü Kilise, hukuken Papalığa bağlı olan bir...more

Orta Çağ’da Avrupa’da genel itibariyle krallık ve kilise arasında rekabet ve çatışma sahnelerine çokça rastlanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla aynı durum, Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde de görülmektedir. Çünkü Kilise, hukuken Papalığa bağlı olan bir kurumdu. Krallar ve Papalar, İngiliz din adamlarının sadakat ile bağlılıklarını sundukları efendileri idiler. Bunun yanı sıra din adamları ve dini kurumlar da Orta Çağ İngiltere’sindeki ekonomik hayatta çok etkin bir yere sahiplerdi. Yasalar konusunda da geniş yetkilere sahip olan Kilisenin üstünlük iddiaları bir çatışma sürecinin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Bunların en önemlileri ise krallık ve papalık arasındaki ilişkilerde bir dönüm noktası niteliğinde olan 1351 yılında yayınlanan Provisors Yasası ve 1353 yıllarında çıkarılan Praemunire Yasalarıdır. Bu yasalar ile on üçüncü yüzyılın başlarından beri İngiltere'de büyüyen anti-papalık duygusu belirginleşmiş ve hatta bölge yasalarında kalıcı hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada da Krallık ve Kilise arasındak...

The rebellious role of peasants in European history Pausing on further analysis on Trump, trade and tariffs, this post is on economic history. Robert Dees has written an opus of over 1700pp in two huge volumes, called The Power of...more

The rebellious role of peasants in European history Pausing on further analysis on Trump, trade and tariffs, this post is on economic history. Robert Dees has written an opus of over 1700pp in two huge volumes, called The Power of Peasants-the economics and politics of farming in medieval Germany. Dees argues that, contrary to mainstream economic history, peasants or farmers in overwhelmingly agricultural ancient and medieval economies played an essential role in advancing civilisation in Europe. Civilisation in this context means raising the productivity of labour through improvements in farming technique and technical innovations-the farmers' "creative genius"-and thus the living standards and the health of the multitude. The peasants were not some amorphous dull mass that were just victims of class rule by Roman slaveholders or feudal lords. They had agency; they fought on many occasions (not often successfully) to break the grip of the ruling class. When they succeeded and gained a degree of independence in production and control of the surplus produced, they took society forward.

The rebellious role of peasants in European history Pausing on further analysis on Trump, trade and tariffs, this post is on economic history. Robert Dees has written an opus of over 1700pp in two huge volumes, called The Power of...more

The rebellious role of peasants in European history Pausing on further analysis on Trump, trade and tariffs, this post is on economic history. Robert Dees has written an opus of over 1700pp in two huge volumes, called The Power of Peasants-the economics and politics of farming in medieval Germany. Dees argues that, contrary to mainstream economic history, peasants or farmers in overwhelmingly agricultural ancient and medieval economies played an essential role in advancing civilisation in Europe. Civilisation in this context means raising the productivity of labour through improvements in farming technique and technical innovations-the farmers' "creative genius"-and thus the living standards and the health of the multitude. The peasants were not some amorphous dull mass that were just victims of class rule by Roman slaveholders or feudal lords. They had agency; they fought on many occasions (not often successfully) to break the grip of the ruling class. When they succeeded and gained a degree of independence in production and control of the surplus produced, they took society forward.

The doctrine of canonical dispensation took its first steps during the Gregorian reform. It consisted in a relaxation of the strictness of the canons, based above all on the requirement of the necessitas temporis. The investiture...more

The doctrine of canonical dispensation took its first steps during the Gregorian reform. It consisted in a relaxation of the strictness of the canons, based above all on the requirement of the necessitas temporis.
The investiture controversy and the outbreak of simony constituted a temporal conjuncture that well justified extensive use of the dispensation, the concept of which was expressed by benevolent expressions such as mercy, tolerance, clemency. A re-reading of Gregory VII’s Register allows us to identify an unusual form of dispensation, which consisted of a derogation from the procedural rules, implemented through an atypical recourse to the oath of innocence (purgatio canonica).

La Constitución marroquí de 2011 preveía la creación de la Autoridad para la Paridad y la Lucha contra todas las formas de Discriminación (APALD) como una entidad independiente encargada de alcanzar la paridad entre hombres y mujeres y de...more

La Constitución marroquí de 2011 preveía la creación de la Autoridad para la Paridad y la Lucha contra todas las formas de Discriminación (APALD) como una entidad independiente encargada de alcanzar la paridad entre hombres y mujeres y de velar por el cumplimiento efectivo del principio fundamental de igualdad entre ambos sexos en el ejercicio de los derechos y libertades. Esta institución, cuya composición y funcionamiento se establecen en la Ley 79-14 de 2017 relativa a la APALD, constituye actualmente una mera declaración de intenciones. El presente trabajo analiza la naturaleza de la citada institución, el contexto normativo e institucional y alerta sobre la creación de organismos paralelos, con atribuciones similares y cuestionable efectividad, que podrían poner en tela de juicio su definitiva implantación en un futuro próximo.

La Constitución marroquí de 2011 preveía la creación de la Autoridad para la Paridad y la Lucha contra todas las formas de Discriminación (APALD) como una entidad independiente encargada de alcanzar la paridad entre hombres y mujeres y de...more

La Constitución marroquí de 2011 preveía la creación de la Autoridad para la Paridad y la Lucha contra todas las formas de Discriminación (APALD) como una entidad independiente encargada de alcanzar la paridad entre hombres y mujeres y de velar por el cumplimiento efectivo del principio fundamental de igualdad entre ambos sexos en el ejercicio de los derechos y libertades. Esta institución, cuya composición y funcionamiento se establecen en la Ley 79-14 de 2017 relativa a la APALD, constituye actualmente una mera declaración de intenciones. El presente trabajo analiza la naturaleza de la citada institución, el contexto normativo e institucional y alerta sobre la creación de organismos paralelos, con atribuciones similares y cuestionable efectividad, que podrían poner en tela de juicio su definitiva implantación en un futuro próximo.

Bona part dels que s'han interessat pel castell d'Alaró (Mallorca) han tractat primordialment els aspectes pietosos, mítics i llegendaris, o bé s’han deixat impressionar per la seva grandiositat, sense tenir en compte que són simples...more

Bona part dels que s'han interessat pel castell d'Alaró (Mallorca) han tractat primordialment els aspectes pietosos, mítics i llegendaris,
o bé s’han deixat impressionar per la seva grandiositat, sense tenir en
compte que són simples edificis passius. Endemés, sovint s’han copiat els uns als altres, han reproduït errors de lectura i d’interpretació, i han fet interpolacions temporals no sempre afortunades. Però la mancança més important, és l’absència de relació d’aquests estudis amb la situació política i social del moment. Una contextualització correcta, per tant, no tan sols permetrà conèixer els esdeveniments que ocorren, sinó també explicar per què es produeixen. Aquest serà l’objectiu del nostre treball, en el període que abraça el regnat del monarca Sanç I de Mallorca (1311-1324).

This essay explores the main features that, since its foundation in 1404, have defined the University of Turin as a “princely university”: an institution established and progressively controlled by the princes of Piedmont Savoy-Achaea...more

This essay explores the main features that, since its foundation in 1404, have defined the University of Turin as a “princely university”: an institution established and progressively controlled by the princes of Piedmont Savoy-Achaea and, later, by the dukes of Savoy. From the outset, these rulers made the University a tool of governance, designed both to foster political consensus and to provide legal and ideological legitimacy to princely authority. Within this framework, the study examines the Studium generale privileges granted by popes and emperors, the University’s institutional dependence on the model offered by the Studium of Pavia, and the Savoyard policy on higher education—particularly the “restauratio” promoted in 1424 by Duke Amadeus VIII and the ducal charter of Louis of Savoy, which in 1436 ordered the return of the Studium to Turin after its temporary relocations to Chieri and Savigliano. Law professors were deeply integrated into the duke’s councils and into the duchy’s judicial and administrative structures. They were also involved in drafting and revising legal compilations such as the Decreta seu Statuta Sabaudiae. The most distinguished medical professors, in turn, served as ducal physicians. The doctores of the Studium also provided crucial propagandistic and ideological support to princely power through their university orations, in which humanist ideals and academic culture were fruitfully combined. Several professors from the University of Turin were later recruited by newly founded institutions, such as the University of Basel. In 1452, the jurist Ansermino Marenco of Mondovì moved to the University of Dole. His purchase of legal books in Italy in 1456 reveals the circulation of legal texts and scholarship between the Italian and Burgundian worlds, attesting both to the up-to-date nature and high quality of Marenco’s teaching and to his interest in feudal law and statutory legislation.
Il saggio affronta i principali elementi che hanno caratterizzato, sin dalle origini (1404), l’università di Torino come una università “del principe”, cioè un’istituzione voluta e sempre più controllata dai principi di Piemonte Savoia-Acaia e, successivamente, dai duchi di Savoia, che ne fecero uno strumento di governo, utile ad alimentare il consenso e a dare una legittimazione giuridica e ideologica alla politica signorile. In questa prospettiva sono stati analizzati i privilegi di Studium generale rilasciati dai pontefici e dagli imperatori: la dipendenza dal “modello” istituzionale offerto dallo Studium di Pavia; la politica universitaria dei Savoia, in particolare la «restauratio» voluta nel 1424 dal duca Amedeo VIII e il diploma ducale di Ludovico di Savoia, che, nel 1436, dispose il rientro dello Studio a Torino dopo i temporanei trasferimenti a Chieri e a Savigliano. La volontà del principe di controllare l’Università si è poi espressa nel pieno controllo signorile sul finanziamento dell’Università e nella selezione dei docenti. I professori di diritto vennero ampiamente inseriti nei consigli del duca e negli assetti giudiziari e amministrativi del ducato, nonché coinvolti nella stesura o nella revisione di compilazioni di leggi, come avvenne per i Decreta seu Statuta Sabaudie; i più famosi docenti di medicina operarono come medici ducali. Un importante supporto propagandistico e ideologico al potere principesco venne infine fornito dai doctores dello Studio con le loro orazioni universitarie, in cui si realizzò un’interessante fusione di ideali umanistici con la cultura universitaria. Diversi docenti dell’Università di Torino vennero chiamati dalle nuove fondazioni universitarie, come l’università di Basilea. Nel 1452 si spostò all’Università di Dole il professore di diritto Ansermino Marenco, di Mondovì: un acquisto di libri giuridici operato da Marenco in Italia nel 1456 rivela una circolazione di libri e di cultura giuridica tra il mondo italiano e quello borgognone, in cui si scorge l’aggiornamento e la qualità della docenza di Marenco e, insieme, il suo interesse per il diritto feudale e per la legislazione statutaria.

Esta pesquisa tem como objectivo aprofundar o estudo da reginalidade portuguesa em Torres Vedras, neste caso através da rainha D. Beatriz de Castela (1244-1300), fundadora dos primeiros Paços reais da vila e esposa do soberano que havia...more

Esta pesquisa tem como objectivo aprofundar o estudo da reginalidade portuguesa em Torres Vedras, neste caso através da rainha D. Beatriz de Castela (1244-1300), fundadora dos primeiros Paços reais da vila e esposa do soberano que havia outorgado o foral a 15 de Agosto de 1250, D. Afonso III (1215-1279).
De forma a contextualizar os intervenientes e o local, será feita uma breve biografia de D. Beatriz, onde os seus diversos papéis (como filha, esposa, mãe, rainha-mãe, gestora do seu património e da sua casa) se evidenciam, bem como da descrição da vila de Torres Vedras à época medieval. Será também dada atenção à presença real na vila, desde o ínicio da nacionalidade até ao reinado de D. Manuel.
O foco principal será o estudo de como a presença e intervenção desta rainha em Torres Vedras, exercendo o seu poder de reginalidade, poderá ter impactado o crescimento económico e demográfico da vila, tornando-a uma vila desejável pelas rainhas para sua posse, e sendo uma das vilas que, mais tarde, faria parte da Casa das Rainhas.
Para tal, serão pesquisados e consultados os documentos disponíveis, cuja informação será depois organizada e analisada. Uma vez que a informação acerca de chancelarias das rainhas e livros de contas é muito limitada, a consulta será feita nas chancelarias dos monarcas relacionados - D. Afonso III e D. Dinis, bem como nos registos de mosteiros, como o de Alcobaça ou o de Santa Maria de Celas.
Para o Estado da Arte deste tema foram consultadas as várias edições municipais, que se têm dedicado ao estudo de Torres Vedras; também obras bastante completas acerca de D. Beatriz, além de vários trabalhos acerca do tema da reginalidade, quer a nível internacional, quer os relacionados com a Idade Média Portuguesa. Nestes últimos, autoras como as Professoras Ana Maria Rodrigues e Manuela Santos Silva têm vindo ao longo dos anos a aprofundar o estudo acerca do exercício da reginalidade na Idade Média Portuguesa, promovendo a tão necessária releitura e re-interpretação das fontes existentes, e uma compilação e organização da informação que surge com esta perspectiva.

Palavras-chave: D. Beatriz de Castela, Torres Vedras, reginalidade, Idade Média, Casa das Rainhas

Laurent Feller L e s c o n d i t i o n s d e l a c i r c u l a t i o n m o n é t a i r e d a n s l a p é r i p h é r i e d u r o y a u m e d ' I t a l i e ( S a b i n e e t A b r u z z e s , I X e -X I I e s . ) [A stampa in L'argent au...more

Laurent Feller L e s c o n d i t i o n s d e l a c i r c u l a t i o n m o n é t a i r e d a n s l a p é r i p h é r i e d u r o y a u m e d ' I t a l i e ( S a b i n e e t A b r u z z e s , I X e -X I I e s . ) [A stampa in L'argent au Moyen Age : idéologie, finances, fiscalité, monnaie (Actes du XXVIIe congrès de la Société des Médiévistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Clermont-Ferrand, 30 mai-1er juin, 1997), Paris 1998, pp. 61-75 © dell'autore -Distribuito in formato digitale da "Reti Medievali"] L'objet de cette communication est l'examen des problèmes monétaires dans la partie sudorientale du duché de Spolète, c'est-à-dire aux confins du spolétin, du duché de Rome et des principautés lombardes, du côté du Regnumentre IXe et XIIe siècle 1 . On sait que la région a laissé une documentation écrite abondante et continue pour la période carolingienne et postcarolingienne. Celle-ci est contenue pour l'essentiel dans les monuments diplomatiques que sont les cartulaires de Farfa, celui de Casauria et, dans une moindre mesure, la chronique de Saint-Vincent-au -Volturne. Les archives du Mont-Cassin fournissent, quant à elles, un appoint extrêmement intéressant mais quantitativement limité, les actes économiques (c'est-à-dire les ventes et les contrats agraires) y étant totalement inexistants pour le IXe siècle, et assez peu nombreux pour les Xe-XIe siècles 2 . Par ailleurs, il n'y pas, que ce soit pour la Sabine ou pour les Abruzzes, de trésors monétaires. Les trouvailles de monnaies dans des fouilles sont, pour les IXe et Xe siècles, d'une rareté qui surprend les archéologues eux-mêmes. Sur des sites qui proposent une stratigraphie continue de l'Antiquité à la période moderne, cette absence pose un redoutable problème, celui de la réalité de la circulation du denier carolingien et donc celui de sa véritable fonction économique : est-il le medium normal de l'échange ou un instrument de mesure de la valeur et un objet de thésaurisation?. Je reviendrai sur ce point en conclusion, mais autant le dire tout de suite : les solutions que l'on peut proposer dans l'état actuel de la recherche ne sont pas tout à fait satisfaisantes, et il faut sans doute encore approfondir une question que l'on pensait pourtant définitivement éclaircie 3 .

Laurent Feller L e s c o n d i t i o n s d e l a c i r c u l a t i o n m o n é t a i r e d a n s l a p é r i p h é r i e d u r o y a u m e d ' I t a l i e ( S a b i n e e t A b r u z z e s , I X e -X I I e s . ) [A stampa in L'argent au...more

Laurent Feller L e s c o n d i t i o n s d e l a c i r c u l a t i o n m o n é t a i r e d a n s l a p é r i p h é r i e d u r o y a u m e d ' I t a l i e ( S a b i n e e t A b r u z z e s , I X e -X I I e s . ) [A stampa in L'argent au Moyen Age : idéologie, finances, fiscalité, monnaie (Actes du XXVIIe congrès de la Société des Médiévistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur, Clermont-Ferrand, 30 mai-1er juin, 1997), Paris 1998, pp. 61-75 © dell'autore -Distribuito in formato digitale da "Reti Medievali"] L'objet de cette communication est l'examen des problèmes monétaires dans la partie sudorientale du duché de Spolète, c'est-à-dire aux confins du spolétin, du duché de Rome et des principautés lombardes, du côté du Regnumentre IXe et XIIe siècle 1 . On sait que la région a laissé une documentation écrite abondante et continue pour la période carolingienne et postcarolingienne. Celle-ci est contenue pour l'essentiel dans les monuments diplomatiques que sont les cartulaires de Farfa, celui de Casauria et, dans une moindre mesure, la chronique de Saint-Vincent-au -Volturne. Les archives du Mont-Cassin fournissent, quant à elles, un appoint extrêmement intéressant mais quantitativement limité, les actes économiques (c'est-à-dire les ventes et les contrats agraires) y étant totalement inexistants pour le IXe siècle, et assez peu nombreux pour les Xe-XIe siècles 2 . Par ailleurs, il n'y pas, que ce soit pour la Sabine ou pour les Abruzzes, de trésors monétaires. Les trouvailles de monnaies dans des fouilles sont, pour les IXe et Xe siècles, d'une rareté qui surprend les archéologues eux-mêmes. Sur des sites qui proposent une stratigraphie continue de l'Antiquité à la période moderne, cette absence pose un redoutable problème, celui de la réalité de la circulation du denier carolingien et donc celui de sa véritable fonction économique : est-il le medium normal de l'échange ou un instrument de mesure de la valeur et un objet de thésaurisation?. Je reviendrai sur ce point en conclusion, mais autant le dire tout de suite : les solutions que l'on peut proposer dans l'état actuel de la recherche ne sont pas tout à fait satisfaisantes, et il faut sans doute encore approfondir une question que l'on pensait pourtant définitivement éclaircie 3 .

O historiador Leandro Alves Teodoro – professor livre-docente de História Medieval da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Câmpus de Assis) –analisa os sermões do pregador Vicente Ferrer e outras obras...more

O historiador Leandro Alves Teodoro – professor livre-docente de História Medieval da Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Câmpus de Assis) –analisa os sermões do pregador Vicente Ferrer e outras obras pastorais castelhanas do século XV no artigo "Contrition Vocabulary in Fifteenth-Century Castile" (“Vocabulário da contrição na Castela do século XV”). O estudo integra o dossiê especial "Contours of Spiritual Formation from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century" ("Contornos da formação espiritual do século XIII ao XV"), publicado na revista internacional The Mediaeval Journal (Brepols), em junho deste ano.

História das Cruzadas VOLUME VI - Joseph François Michaud Nas grandes batalhas, os guerreiros da cruz não distinguiam nem ala direita, nem esquerda, nem cen .. tro do exército ; êles eram o mais das vêzes divididos em vários corpos...more

História das Cruzadas VOLUME VI - Joseph François Michaud

Nas grandes batalhas, os guerreiros da cruz não
distinguiam nem ala direita, nem esquerda, nem cen ..
tro do exército ; êles eram o mais das vêzes divididos
em vários corpos e cada corpo era comandado por
um chefe, que seguia as instruções dadas num conse ..
lho. Roberto, o Monge, nos diz que na batalha
travada contra Kerbogath, o exército cristão avançou
contra o inimigo alinhado em forma de uma pirâmide,
ou melhor, em forma. de um cone. Raul de Caen
presta homenagem a Tancredo, pela vitória de Do ..
ribéia e diz que o herói normando pôs a desordem
entre os muçulmanos, apoderando.-se dos lugares ele ..
vados. Não estamos bem informados nem temos os
dados necessários para apreciar o talento militar que
desenvolveram os que comandavam o exército nas
guerras santas ; mas parece .. nos que as batalhas de
Antioquia e de Ascalon, as da terceira Cruzada [...]

1389. No entretanto, ao ardor dos cruzados havia sucedido no espírito dos guerreiros, uma paixão de se distinguir e de se enriquecer por meio de feitos cavaleirescos e de expedições aventureiras, às quais uniam sempre alguma recordação...more

1389. No entretanto, ao ardor dos cruzados
havia sucedido no espírito dos guerreiros, uma paixão
de se distinguir e de se enriquecer por meio de feitos
cavaleirescos e de expedições aventureiras, às quais
uniam sempre alguma recordação das guerras san-"
tas. Os genoveses tiveram a idéia de fazer uma
expedição às costas da Barbaria, cujos habitantes per ...
turbavam a navegação do Mediterrâneo e vinham tra ...
zer a devastação até nas costas de Gênova ; pediram
então um chefe e tropas ao rei da França, Carlos VI.
Somente à notícia dêsse empreendimento longínquo,
acorreu de tôdas as províncias do reino e mesmo da
Inglaterra, uma multidão de guerreiros ávidos de mos ...
trar sua bravura. O delfim de Auvérnia, o senhor de
Goucy de T rimouille, o senhor João de [...]

Faith and Reason: How did the philosopher Ramon Llull (1232-1316) reconcile his philosophical thought with Christian faith? The dignities of God – properties that, according to the philosopher, rationally define God's essence, one of the...more

Faith and Reason: How did the philosopher Ramon Llull (1232-1316) reconcile his philosophical thought with Christian faith? The dignities of God – properties that, according to the philosopher, rationally define God's essence, one of the foundations of his Art – are transformed into literary characters and engage in dialogue in the work The Book of the City of the World (1314) regarding the perverse state of the world. The purpose of this article is to address how Faith was developed in his Philosophy, especially in the Book of the City of the World.

Карпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника МАТЕРІАЛИ звітної наукової конференції викладачів, докторантів, аспірантів університету за 2024 рік Карпатського національного університету імені Василя Стефаника 24-28 березня...more

Карпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника МАТЕРІАЛИ звітної наукової конференції викладачів, докторантів, аспірантів університету за 2024 рік Карпатського національного університету імені Василя Стефаника 24-28 березня 2025 року м. Івано-Франківськ 2025
Видання містить результати наукових досліджень із проблем математики, фізики, хімії, біології, екології, лісівництва, агрохімії, економіки, історії, філософії, політології, релігієзнавства, культурології, соціології, психології, філології, педагогіки, мистецтвознавства, туризму, фізичного виховання і спорту. Дослідження виконані в наукових лабораторіях та на кафедрах університету. УДК 378.4(477.86)ПНУ(082)

[...] PREFACIO DA PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO Si non perventurum sciam, gralulabor tamen profecturum. S. H li á r I o, De Trfn., I. I, c. X. Lamenta M a r i t a i n, no prefácio ao "Essai de Phi/osophie Pédagogique" de H o v r e, a carência de uma...more

[...]
PREFACIO DA PRIMEIRA EDIÇÃO
Si non perventurum sciam,
gralulabor tamen profecturum.
S. H li á r I o, De Trfn., I. I, c. X.
Lamenta M a r i t a i n, no prefácio ao "Essai de
Phi/osophie Pédagogique" de H o v r e, a carência de
uma doutrina pedagógica sistemática, ligada estreitamente
aos princípios de S. T o m á s.

Deficiência realmente deplorável, não só do ponto de
vista da· Filosofia perene, que veria assim fecundamente
alargado o seu âmbito e aprofundados em utilíssimo campo
os seus princípios imortais, senão também da parte
da própria Educação, porquanto só uma Filosofia universalmente
compreensiva e intensamente viva, como o
Tomismo, será capaz de oferecer aos labores pedagógicos
suficiente embasamento racional, sólido e largo, vivificante
e coerente em todas as partes.

Desejando ensaiar uma tentativa de realização dessa
tarefa imensa e complexa, não o pretendemos ter obtido.
Ela exige larga envergadura, amplo descortínio e provecta
madureza de reflexão, progressivamente alcançada
em diuturnas considerações sobre os liames entre a
ciência da razão e a arte de educar.
Entanto, recreia-nos a ponderação que assim talvez
adiantamos um passo no assunto bastante inexplorado
ainda, e, sem embargo, tão fecundo. As vezes abrir
caminho é difícil, mas também suficiente para que outros,
mais fartamente aparelhados, atinjam êxitos que ultrapassam
de muito as modestas expectativas dos primeiros
humildes operários [...]

Analysing the mechanisms that lead to the formation of early state forms, this book defines the role of gifts, religious belief systems, prestige, and reciprocity within segmentary and chiefdom societies in eastern Europe. Volume I...more

Analysing the mechanisms that lead to the formation of early state forms, this book defines the role of gifts, religious belief systems, prestige, and reciprocity within segmentary and chiefdom societies in eastern Europe.

Volume I explores the functioning of early medieval cultural phenomena, memory and power. The development in East Central and Northern Europe has long fascinated scholars interested in the cultural implications of the renewed Empire’s influence on these regions. The text provides various scholarly perspectives, with each contribution reflecting a distinct methodological approach, contributing to a multifaceted discourse on how these cultural phenomena were shaped, contested, and remembered in the medieval context.

This book provides an interdisciplinary study of medieval material culture and memory across medieval Poland, Hungary, Scandinavia, Bohemia and Rus and is an ideal resource for students.

• Feudalism means a specific social, economic and political system. It was the way of life in Western Europe during medieval period. As an important part of European life it controlled the politics, finance, government and society of the...more

• Feudalism means a specific social, economic and political system. It was the way of life in Western Europe during medieval period. As an important part of European life it controlled the politics, finance, government and society of the times. • First it flourished in France after the death of Emperor Charlemagne (814 A.D) and then spread to other parts of the continent. The predominance of Feudalism from 9th century to 14th century A.D. is otherwise known as 'Feudal Age'. • It reached its height in early 12th and 13th centuries and almost vanished towards the end of 15th century. Of course, by that time the word 'Feudalism' was not in vogue. • The lawyers and elites of 17th century had coined this word after proper analysis and review which later on became popular. Thus, Feudalism' was an expression of its time and condition. • The absence of a strong central authority carved out the path for the emergence of tiny states engaged in mutual fighting and jealousy. At this hour of crisis the Slavs, the Hungarians and the Muslims carried on incessant plundering and killing. • The rulers of these tiny states were unable and unfit to check the invaders or to provide security and safety to the subjects. They ruled only by name. The common people therefore, were worried about safety and security of life and property. • The deplorable socio-political condition of Europe was largely responsible for the emergence of 'Feudalism' that provided a welcome relief to the people from their insecured existence. • The kings were nominal heads. They had neither power nor money. This situation inspired the higher officials (who were appointed under Charlemagne's administration) like Margraves, Counts or Dukes to withdraw their allegiance to the weak rulers. With huge resources at their disposal, they built their own castles and battalions of army. • The common men, on the other hand, thought of getting protection from some strong authorities other than the king. Their insecure existence prompted them to accept these local powerful class of lords as their saviour.

This study maps the course of events and power struggles over the Archdiocese Salzburg between the years 1246 and 1266, which fall within the wider conflict known as War of the Babenberg succession. Firstly, the text attends to unleashing...more

This study maps the course of events and power struggles over the Archdiocese Salzburg between the years 1246 and 1266, which fall within the wider conflict known as War of the Babenberg succession. Firstly, the text attends to unleashing of the conflict and accession of Philipp of Sponheim to the seat of archbishop in Salzburg. The description of the most important war operations between 1249 and 1259 follows, when elected Archbishop Philipp drummed up support for his own governmental basis in Austria and Styria using unconventional methods. Subsequentchanges in alliances are discussed, especially after the important Battle of Kressenbrunn and slow deposal of both Philipp of Sponheim and his opponent Ulrich of Seckau. The secondary consequences of this partof the larger conflict over Babenberg heritage are examined in the wider central European context, including actions of the neigboring dynasties: Hungarian Arpadians, Czech Přemyslids, Bavarian Wittelsbachs, Carinthian Sponheims et al.

This paper aims to use Lacan's idea of the mirror stage to analyze three examples of canines in medieval literature-namely, the Prioress' dogs from Chaucer's The Canterbury of Tales, the dog-man hybrids from John Mandeville's Book of...more

This paper aims to use Lacan's idea of the mirror stage to analyze three examples of canines in medieval literature-namely, the Prioress' dogs from Chaucer's The Canterbury of Tales, the dog-man hybrids from John Mandeville's Book of Marvels, and Marie de France's eponymous werewolf, Bisclavret-to explore how canines function as externalized fragments of human identity, exposing repressed traits, internal conflicts, and anxieties. Lacan's mirror stage proposes that the construction of the self is dependent on external images and objects-"the function of the mirror stage thus turns out, in my view, to be a particular case of the function of imagos, which is to establish a relationship between an organism and its reality" (Lacan 78). Lacan's theory follows a twofold structure -there is the self that one discovers through feeling and sensation, and there is the self that one discovers after encountering the image of one's own reflection (both literal and figurative); thus, there is the disjointed, feeling self, and there is the unified externalized self-there is also the uncomfortable gap between the two: these are the constituents of identity.

In the spring of 2023, while visiting the Medieval and Early Modern arms and armour collection, and asking about equestrian equipment, I was lucky to find a very interesting, yet unpublished saddle, with very little known information...more

In the spring of 2023, while visiting the Medieval and Early Modern arms and armour collection, and asking about equestrian equipment, I was lucky to find a very interesting, yet unpublished saddle, with very little known information about it. The aim of this article is to argue, based on available period analogies and close analysis, that the artefact in question is an authentic, Late-Medieval war saddle, dating back to the late XVth or early XVIth century, and an item of high value for the National History Museum of Transylvania as well as for the research field, as it is one of the few known extant pieces worldwide. Furthermore, another aim of this article is an attempt at the reconstruction of some of its hidden story in the context of Late-Medieval history of heavy cavalry in the Kingdom of Hungary, sources regarding the Transylvanian and Central-European craft of saddlery, and the equestrian traditions of the time.