Urgent request for immediate cessation of the erasure (administrative ethnic cleansing) of the Bedoon of KuwaitAdditional request for investigation of the entire program of ethnic cleansing/genocide of the Bedoon, which has evolved from time of the Nationality Law (1959) to the present daySubject of the complaint: Kuwaiti Bedoon (a minority of the Bedouin tribes of Kuwait)Reason for the complaint: Recent confirmation by government authorities that of 90% of the population’s identity has been erased; 100% program completion will be achieved by early 2019. Multiple new reports from victims they genuinely believe genocide is occurring in relation to the erasure.Key perpetrator: Government of KuwaitAt present, a program is being carried out to administrative erase the whole Bedoon population group, managed by the Ministry of Interior’s Central Apparatus. We request for investigation into other aspects of the ethnic cleansing carried out with genocidal intent, for which we provide extensive policy-based and fieldwork evidence collected over the preceding 6 years. However, the situation in Kuwait is deteriorating rapidly for the Bedoon.The Bedoon of Kuwait are a Bedouin ethnic minority closely related at the level of family and tribe, to the Bedouin citizen population of Kuwait. The Bedoon community speaks out against jus cogens taking place in the State of Kuwait, December 21, 2018Complainants: Abdulhakim al Fadhli (victim) and Dr Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen (expert) We consent to the use of reference to the general population in communications. Individual names of victims should not be disclosed

Volume II of Doctoral Thesis, The University of Adelaide Note UPDATE information on availability of WHOLE FILE INCLUDING ALL PHOTOGRAPHS at The University of Adelaide digital library.

Universal Periodic Review - UN Human Rights Committee OHCHR, 2019

Annexes Kuwait's humanitarian disaster Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon. Kuwaiti MP M. Hayeth: "There is no one in the House of Islam With the consensus of the jurists Without a nationality and a category That is not defined by nationality These unjust laws, which deprive them of their rights Clash with the texts of the peremptory law Its ruling is the rule of ignorance and the rule of tyranny" *Note - some of the tables and images have been lost on PDF formatting, however, these were not lost on the copy submitted to the UN Human Rights Committee, due to their requirements for a different software package.

This study is about the Bedouin of the main tribes of Kuwait, and the members of their tribes who have never received citizenship, who are called the ‘Bedoun.’ The study was framed within the theory of sociology, including the humanistic approach of Florien Znaniecki, and theories of ethnicity, identity and labelling. The methodological approach was inductive, involving a variety data collection methods including fieldwork in Kuwait, historical research, collaborative methodology, and thematic analysis. I argue that the Bedouin are a distinct ethnic group rather than merely a 'social group' in Kuwaiti society, and that the Bedoun are an emerging ethnic sub-group of the Kuwaiti Bedouin. The Bedoun hold multiple identifications, sharing ethnic identification within the same tribes as citizens, but they have also developed to form a new collective identity, characterised by social solidarity and unique national consciousness. This has occurred due to their historical, intergenerational absorption of the national identity as citizens of Kuwait in accordance with government policy, followed by their collective experiences of imposed, restrictive cultural re-organisation of the group since the 1980s, including administrative expulsion, ‘status adjustment,’ a form of identity erasure, and violent ethnic cleansing. The Bedoun have also developed an intellectual identity since their administrative expulsion, when they were expelled from schools and university. They have developed some degree of resistance to the attempt by Hadar intellectuals to prevent the group acquiring the education and political consciousness with which they could remedy their statelessness and deprivation of their human rights. The emergence of new forms of identity have assisted the Bedoun to rationalise their suffering and improve their capacity to articulate their collective experience. These changes indicate that creative, cultural re-organisation is taking place in the community, though they remain extraordinarily vulnerable. Cross-fertilisation has taken place with people from other cultures, especially for intellectuals and community leaders who have worked with international humanitarian agencies, journalists and scholars since the beginning of the Arab Spring. The Bedoun have also experienced marginalisation, stigmatisation and labelling in their daily social interactions with others, due to the prevalence of a deeply rooted nationalist ideology that denies the identity of all Bedouin as ‘Kuwaitis.’ Thus, the group has played a crucial, symbolic role in Kuwaiti citizen culture, and this role explains why statelessness has been imposed on them. The Bedoun population has been reduced by around two-thirds over the last twenty-five years. Without the intervention of international organisations and governments, their population and culture may be destroyed altogether. Recommendations include a call for the investigation of Kuwait’s official identity erasure policies and measures ('status adjustment'), methods of criminalisation and intense cultural restrictions faced by the group, by the United Nations Rapporteurs on Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect. The study also suggests the establishment of genuine mechanisms of representation for the community within the United Nations framework, and the implementation of international development measures that would enable the UNDP and UNESCO to establish baseline population data on the group to preserve and protect their future development. *IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO DOWNLOAD THE FILE ON THIS SITE, PLEASE PASTE THE LINK PROVIDED FOR A FULL, FREE DOWNLOAD. PHOTOGRAPHS ARE IN VOLUME 2. VOLUME I - https://endstatelessness.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/the-stateless-bedoun-in-kuwait-society-e28093-a-study-of-bedouin-identity-culture-and-an-intellectual-ideal-volume-1.pdf VOLUME 2 - https://endstatelessness.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/the-stateless-bedoun-in-kuwait-society-a-study-of-bedouin-identity-culture-and-an-intellecutal-ideal-volume-2-1.pdf

End Statelessness Foundation, 2017

This article explores the ethnicity of the Bedoun, a stateless Bedouin minority in Kuwait. This is the first study which attempts to establish the Bedoun's ethnic identity and culture analysing primary, in-depth interview data collected from the group in Kuwait. The Bedoun respondents were found to be an emerging micro-ethnic group of the Kuwaiti Bedouin. They had developed a shared history, an intellectual class, a unique sense of belonging and a distinct national consciousness connected to their being 'Bedoun.' They also shared vital group membership and ancestry within their tribes, which comprise both citizen and stateless members. Beyond the growth of a dynamic identity, concerns for the group's basic survival remain. The implications for our understanding of the Bedoun in Kuwaiti society are numerous. The research challenges the rentier theory framework used to analyse Kuwaiti society from a political and economic perspective, wherein scholars failed to account for economic, social, cultural and psychological impacts of the Bedouns statelessness on Kuwait's Bedouin citizen society. The research contributes to a broader understanding of Bedouin identities in the Arabian Gulf and shared cultural practices between tribal groups across the Gulf. A number of lines of inquiry for future research are suggested, including investigation of the burden of resource-sharing among the tribes that has been required for the Bedoun's survival since the 1980s, and of resistances to Kuwaiti Bedouin, ethnic and indigenous identities in Middle East studies scholarship.

Muslim World, 2011

The Muslim World, 2011

Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon NIL recommendations followed - 'Persistent non-compliance' with Human Rights Council and state party recommendation on the Bedoun and their right to Kuwaiti citizenship NGO Submission to the 3rd cycle Universal Periodic Review, Human Rights Committee, United Nations, Geneva Switzerland

Middle Eastern Studies journal, 2014

The definition and history of the term Bedoun and who are they.

UN Human Rights Council Invited Submissions on relation between human rights and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, 2019

The Bedoon of Kuwait are a stateless Bedouin ethnic group who seek empowerment through inclusiveness and equality, but are severely restricted as to their capacity to do so due to severe forms of political and social oppression, and their submission to erasure (administrative ethnic cleansing) by the state of Kuwait. Nevertheless, we wish to assert the Bedoon’s human rights to be included in Kuwait's 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and linked 2035 National Economic Plan, and to commence meaningful dialogue with the United Nations organisations with regard to the destruction of the group’s population and culture (genocide) by the state and ethnics opposed to the Bedoun's presence in Kuwait, since the state became independent in 1961.

Volume I of Doctoral Thesis, The University of Adelaide. Note UPDATE information on availability of WHOLE FILE INCLUDING ALL PHOTOGRAPHS at The University of Adelaide digital library.

AI

Submissions to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Minorities, May 2020, 2020

A submission to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Minorities. The significance and distinction of the nationality and ethnicity of the Bedoon, as recognised by the civil society organisation (the author) and the relevant government. The emergent Bedoon minority, legislation and policy created and implemented by the state, and the views of the Bedoon of these distinctions, laws policies and rights.

Invited Submissions to the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2019

Submission in response to the United Nations Human Rights Council Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples call for the study of Indigenous Peoples’ rights in the context of borders, migration and displacement. We describe the Bedoon’s history in the Arabian Gulf and Kuwait in particular, along with the development of policy targeting the group on the basis of their ethnic and tribal identity. The policy has already led to administrative expulsion, violent ethnic cleansing and erasure (administrative ethnic cleansing) of the group. This report was submitted in response to the government of Kuwait’s announcement in December 2018, that some 90% of the Bedoon population’s national identity been erased, and that the remaining 10% would be completed in early 2018. The ethnic identity as Bedouin, and in some cases also individual tribal names and surnames, have also been erased (as per the public policy). To the best of our knowledge, Part 1 of the report constitutes the first extensive claim to indigenous rights asserted by the Bedoon to an organisation of the United Nations and the Human Rights Council in particular. The section is quite lengthy due to the extent of ethnic targeting, physical and cultural destruction the Bedoon have endured as a result of their ethnic identity and culture, as northern tribes’ Bedouin.

Letter to NGOs and Government Agencies, 2019

This letter was sent to the main humanitarian agencies, the US DOS, the Australian DFAT, and others. Compare to Amnesty International's Middle East Director Lynne Malouf's letter below, in which she refuses to disclose the erasure of the Bedoun, like other 'humanitarian' NGOs covering the Bedoun situation, while lamenting of the suicide of a young man who killed himself in relation to the violations Amnesty refuses to report on. 17 July, 2019 Kuwaiti Bedoun (stateless) arrests related to peaceful gathering. Voicing resistance to population and cultural destruction and identity theft by the state of Kuwait A Special Procedures request citing the subjection of the Bedoun population to erasure (administrative ethnic cleansing) and genocidal intent at the hands of the state of Kuwait has been received at the UN Special Procedures office Geneva, and forwarded to the Special Rapporteur on Genocide, who is now considering the complaint. This complaint provides a context for the development of recent protests following the deaths by hanging and self-immolation of young Bedoun men, who experienced social death due to restrictions on founding families, employment, and participation in normative social life due to the Bedoun status, and the systematic removal of their national, indigenous and ethnic identity, via the enforcement of fraudulent nationalities which are legally ineffective and render the Bedoun at risk of deportation, disappearance and death at the hands of the state. This latter practice is erasure, a form of administrative ethnic cleansing. The international community including international humanitarian organisations, journalists and scholars as well as diplomatic staff from states allied with Kuwait, and the United States of America and the United Kingdom in particular, have failed to acknowledge the just cause of the Bedoun's public gathering and expression of the desire for freedom, amidst the erasure of their identity at all levels of the social structure, according to Kuwait public policy (although the policy to remove father's names has not yet been fully implemented). This climate of neglect has left the Bedoun reeling as they fight for their survival in Kuwaiti society. The recent efforts of citizen humanitarian actors has been piecemeal and lacked the commitment

Kuwait UPR Info , 2020

UPR Kuwait 2020 Main Report - Kuwait Government - Erasure - Ethnic Cleansing - Human Trafficking - Genocide of Bedoons - Failure of UPR Working Group to report to United Nations General Assembly 13 November 2016 the following data on Kuwait, as provided to it in multiple submissions to the Universal Periodic Review Kuwaiti 2020. The information was also excluded from Stakeholders Information, The Erasure (administrative ethnic cleansing) of the Bedoon of Kuwait was described. Description of the following was provided in MULTIPLE reports by both local and international stakeholders. 1) Removal of Bedoon's national and ethnic identity, and in some cases also personal names and tribes. 2) Replacement of Bedoon's national identity with false nationality labels (ineffective names of other states) was described as having taken place since 1983. 3) Government threats to deport thousands of the group issued since previous UPR. 4) Evidence of official government stationary used in the Erasure, principally PRE-FILLED FORMS FOR FALSE CONFESSION that Bedouns are forced to sign to "agree" they have false identities claimed by government - identity belonging to other states. 5) The connection between Bedoun Erasure (administrative ethnic cleansing), government threats to deport and human trafficking as reported by stakeholders, was also omitted in sections devoted to human trafficking.

Invited Submissions to the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2019

The Kuwaiti Bedoun (Bedouin of the northern tribes) have since 1959 and until the present day, lacked the capacity to communicate to the United Nations as a whole group, their rights as indigenous people in international law. These rights were first set out in the ILO Convention on Indigenous Tribal Populations (1957) (ILO), and prioritised in most other states of the Arab World as part of UNESCO arrangements for the socio-economic protection of the Bedouin tribes (Bocco, 2000, 2006). The ethnic (tribal) identity of 90% of the whole Bedoun population, which comprises over 110,000 people, has been stolen from them, and replaced with fraudulent nationality labels the state refers to as ‘original nationality.’ The remaining 10% will be erased in early 2019. The public policy also removes national identity, tribal names and surnames from the Bedoun. Every level of the ethnic structure is targeted for identity erasure, additional to the application of fraudulent nationality labels. Both actions are typical of standard blueprints of erasure.

Working Paper, 2019

Over the years, different GOK officials have championed the Erasure and destruction of the Bedoun, further developing racist, ethnic and political ideologies of hatred toward the group. Major General Mazen al Jarrah al Sabah of the Department of Passports and Citizenship, was the personality who sought to turn the Comoros Islands into a Bedoun penal colony like Rikers Island. Saleh al Fadalah, the Ministry of Interior’s Central Apparatus chief, pulled off the Erasure of the Bedoun, removing their identity from every level of the ethnic structure. The most recent champion of the Bedoun's Erasure, and future eradication from the state, is Speaker of the Parliament, Hon. Marzouk al Ghanim. Speaker al Ghanim has developed a personal interest in disposing of the Erased Bedoun population outside the borders of Kuwait, since his family business began acquiring contracts to supply the UNHCR. The removal of the Bedoun from Kuwait, facilitated by the UNHCR, could help al Ghanim symbolically cement the family's consolidation of power over the current regime.

Re: The stateless Bedoon of Kuwait: An upcoming “radical solution” announced by Marzouk al Ghanim, speaker of the National Assembly, 17 April 2019 I write to you regarding the issue of the Bedoon, Kuwait’s stateless Bedouin population. At present the Kuwait National Assembly is discussing a “radical solution” for the Bedoon. The National Assembly will meet in approximately two weeks to announce the group’s fate, described by Speaker of the Parliament, Marzouk al Ghanim as, "No one disagrees with the need to solve the problem of bidun and I know there is a radical solution for the decision makers. [It] will not oppress Kuwaitis and I cannot disclose it." (17 April, 2019, https://twitter.com/PlusKuwait/status/1118506635142619137). The ‘need to solve the problem of the Bedoon’ without ‘oppressing’ Kuwaiti citizens has to date, been used as a rationale for ethnic cleansing and genocide (Kennedy, 2016). The use of the term ‘radical solution’ by Parliamentary Speaker Marzouk al Ghanim is threatening to the Bedoon. Since the Arab Spring, these policies have been frequently described by the government of Kuwait as a “final solution,” which as you will know, is a phrase commonly used to invoke the concept of genocide of Jews and other minorities, by the Nazis.

Mağallaẗ Al-Dirāsāt Al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa Al-Iqtiṣādiyyaẗ (Print), 2022

Bidoon is an Arabic word that translates to "Without". The term stemmed from "Bidoon Jinsiya" or "Without Citizenship". According to a Human Rights Watch report that dates back to 1995, Kuwait has a system of institutionalized discrimination against Bidoon that has intensified with the Iraqi invasion in 1990. Bidoons passed through a series of discriminatory uprising stages that deprived them of their fundamental right to work, travel, get married or receive any education. Consequently, most Bidoon suffer from poverty, illiteracy, and being targeted by the Kuwaiti government either for deportation or arbitrary arrest. [1] Even though Bidoons enjoy protection either under the 1954 Convention on Statelessness or under the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugee, such protection represents a temporary means to overcome the difficult living conditions Bidoon must face every day. Until Kuwait gets to comply with its international 7

Handbook of terrorism in the Middle East , 2022

This chapter examines the use of violence by Islamist actors in the Kuwaiti context by exploring the ideological challenge posed by Islamist ideology and how it has been co-opted in the service of different agendas. First, we will unpack the lexicon of Islamist actors in Kuwait, including Kuwaiti Brotherhood and Salafi movements. Second, we will examine trajectories of activism amongst Kuwaiti Islamists and the spheres in which these actors exert influences and the transformative role of the first Gulf War (July 1990 to February 1991) on the Islamist space. Following this we will examine the relationship between Kuwaiti Islamists and political and violent activism, including the role of Kuwaiti Brotherhood and various Islamist affiliated associations in supporting jihadist factions in current regional conflicts, i.e. Syria, Iraq and Libya. The final section will explore state responses to extremism and various projects undertaken by the state to counter the appeal of Islamist ideology. All of this will be demonstrated in an effort to argue that while Kuwait has taken very positive steps to delink itself from Brotherhood influence, the depth of penetration of Brotherhood-driven Islamist narratives makes the task a complex one. In addition, countering the appeal of extremist narratives amongst Kuwait’s local population is complicated by structural features of Kuwaiti society, such as the presence of large numbers of quasi-stateless ‘Bidoon’ who do not enjoy the rights of citizenship and thus remain vulnerable to anti-state grievance narratives.

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