This note presents evidence for the attribution of ten coins to the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, based on their inscriptions and numerical formats. Notably, two of these coins display the numeral 6, the first instances recorded on Eastern Gangas coinage, while others exhibit unique design features that suggest an earlier issuance. The analysis includes observations on the simplicity of the design compared to previously studied coins, and concludes with historical context provided by a dynastic list and implications for future research.

Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan, 2015

Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins: The Kushan Empire was a vast inland empire that stretched across Central and South Asia during the first to fourth centuries AD. The origins of Kushan dynasty continue to be debated, and precise dates, especially for the late Kushan kings, remain elusive, but the coinage reveals the Kushan dynasty as a major force in the cultural and political history of the ancient Silk Road. Kushan coinage began c. AD 50 with issues of the first Kushan king, Kujula Kadphises (c. AD 50–90). The first Kushan coins were based on Greek, Scythian and Parthian coin designs already current in the territory of present day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Under Kujula Kadphises’ son Wima Takto (c. AD 91–113) and grandson Wima Kadphises (c. AD 113–127) the coinage system was gradually centralized to serve the entire Kushan empire, stretching from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to northern India. Gold and copper denominations were established during the reign of Wima Kadphises which were maintained through the reigns of ten more kings until the demise of the Kushan empire in the mid-fourth century AD. This catalogue presents all the Kushan coins in the American Numismatic Society, with selected illustrations, detailed descriptions and commentary. The production system of Kushan coinage is presented with major revisions of chronology and organization compared with previous publications. This presentation has been based on the latest coin-based research, including die studies and site find analysis. The coins are classified by ruler, metal, mint, production phase, denomination, type and variety. Introductory essays present the historical and cultural contexts of the kings and their coins. All the ANS gold coins and a selection of copper coins are illustrated. This catalogue also features two series of coins issued by the Kushano- Sasanian and the Kidarite Hun rulers of former Kushan territory because they followed and adapted the Kushan coinage system. The authors intend this catalogue to be a tool for scholars and collectors alike for understanding, identifying ,and attributing these fascinating coins that represent four centuries of Central and South Asian ancient history.

Numismatics is undoubtedly one of the most valuable sources of history. It confirms the information culled from other sources and by themselves provides information which is not known from other sources. About 40 Indo‐Greek rulers ruled over northern India, epigraphy refers to only a few and literature refers to half a dozen of them. The historicity of the rest of them are known only from coins, and after careful and intensive study of these coins, numismatists attempt to establish chronology of kings and throw light on various aspects of their history and culture. Thus coins throw light on various aspects of the regional as well as National history. During recent exploration in Jind, district Haryana, researchers found some coins from Igra‐1which throw light on the political, Social, Economic and cultural aspect of the region and enrich our existing knowledge.

Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, 2022

In this paper name of the king on a Chandra dynasty coin, earlier read as 'Raja Chandra' has been re-read as 'Raja Tahn' or 'Raja Tahyon'. Also chronology of the Chandra Kings have been discussed.

Coins are as important as the inscription in history. They confirm the information derived fr om literature. They are of various metals – gold, silver, copper, or alloy and contain legends or simple marks. The coins are very important to the reconstruct of the ancient Indian history. It is a part of archaeological sources .Those with dates is prob ably very valuable for the framework of Indian chronology. Coins are almost our sole evidence with regarded to the Indo Scythian and Indo Bactrian King. The Bilingual coins had served as Rosetta Stones in deciphering the Ancient Indian writings. The purity of the metal reflects the financial conditions of the Gupta Empire. The inscription on the coin indicates territory over which the rulers ruled. Some coin throws significant light on the personal events of certain rulers. The discovery of the same kind of coins at different places helps up in fixing the coverage of various kingdoms in ancient India.

NUMISMATIC STUDIES NO. 5 OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF DIEST, 2023

The Gupta dynasty ruled over a vast expanse of northern India (AD 319–543) and produced a large coinage in gold, silver, copper, and lead. In 2017, Sanjeev Kumar published Treasures of the Gupta Empire, a comprehensive book discussing history, iconography, trade routes, hoards and findspots, metrology, metals, and weight analysis, as well as provided a substantial catalogue of over 6,400 coins. In 2020, Pankaj Tandon published a paper presenting a new attribution for certain Gupta coins. Through his analysis of ca.1,600 gold coins, Tandon questions some of Kumar’s attributions and proposes different ones. A response to Tandon’s assessment, this paper challenges his reattributions, which are based on a far smaller sample. Due to the complexity of this historic period and its coinage, a consideration of both scientific data and the full extent of iconographic content are integral to the study of Gupta coinage, especially for the purposes of attribution.

Indus Script hieroglyphs shown on two Silver Karshapana (c. 4th-2nd cent. BCE, GH 477, GH 509) compare with the four hieroglyphs shown on a postage stamp issued in 2001 commemorating Chandra Gupta Maurya, the Emperor of Magadha. The Meluhha rebus readings of the four hieroglyphs on the postage stamp are: Sun's rays arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'; څرخه ṯs̱arḵẖaʿh 'spinning wheel' rebus arka 'copper, gold, sun's rays' Dotted circle and six arms emanating from centre manjhi 'centre, middle' Rebus mã̄jhī 'cargo boat with raised platform'; kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ (Oriya)(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa 'a quantity of iron, excellent iron' (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khaṇḍa, khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metalware'; khambhaṛā 'fish fin' Rebus:kammaṭa, kambār̥a signify 'coiner (mint)/blacksmith' Three pillars skambhá1 m. ʻ prop, pillar ʼ RV. 2. ʻ *pit ʼ (semant. cf. kūˊpa -- 1). [√skambh] 1. Pa. khambha -- m. ʻ prop ʼ; Pk. khaṁbha -- m. ʻ post, pillar ʼ; Pr. iškyöp, üšköb ʻ bridge ʼ NTS xv 251; L. (Ju.) khabbā m., mult. khambbā m. ʻ stake forming fulcrum for oar ʼ; P. khambh, khambhā, khammhā m. ʻ wooden prop, post ʼ; WPah.bhal. kham m. ʻ a part of the yoke of a plough ʼ, (Joshi) khāmbā m. ʻ beam, pier ʼ; Ku. khāmo ʻ a support ʼ, gng. khām ʻ pillar (of wood or bricks) ʼ; N. khã̄bo ʻ pillar, post ʼ, B. khām, khāmbā; Or. khamba ʻ post, stake ʼ; Bi. khāmā ʻ post of brick -- crushing machine ʼ, khāmhī ʻ support of betel -- cage roof ʼ, khamhiyā ʻ wooden pillar supporting roof ʼ; Mth. khāmh, khāmhī ʻ pillar, post ʼ, khamhā ʻ rudder -- post ʼ; Bhoj. khambhā ʻ pillar ʼ, khambhiyā ʻ prop ʼ; OAw. khāṁbhe m. pl. ʻ pillars ʼ, lakh. khambhā; H. khām m. ʻ post, pillar, mast ʼ, khambh f. ʻ pillar, pole ʼ; G. khām m. ʻ pillar ʼ, khã̄bhi, ˚bi f. ʻ post ʼ, M. khã̄b m., Ko. khāmbho, ˚bo, Si. kap (< *kab); -- X gambhīra -- , sthāṇú -- , sthūˊṇā -- qq.v.2. K. khambürü f. ʻ hollow left in a heap of grain when some is removed ʼ; Or. khamā ʻ long pit, hole in the earth ʼ, khamiā ʻ small hole ʼ; Marw. khã̄baṛo ʻ hole ʼ; G. khã̄bhũ n. ʻ pit for sweepings and manure ʼ. Garh. khambu ʻ pillar ʼ.(CDIAL 13369) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner.(DEDR 1236) Tree-on-railing kuṭa2, ˚ṭi -- , ˚ṭha -- 3, ˚ṭhi -- m. ʻ tree ʼ lex., ˚ṭaka -- m. ʻ a kind of tree ʼ Kauś.Pk. kuḍa -- m. ʻ tree ʼ; Paš. lauṛ. kuṛāˊ ʻ tree ʼ, dar. kaṛék ʻ tree, oak ʼ ~ Par. kōṛ ʻ stick ʼ IIFL iii 3, 98.(CDIAL 3228) kuṭi 'tree' Rebus: kuṭhī 'warehouse, factory'; dhamkara'leafless tree' Rebus: dhangar'blacksmith'. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.19 gm., Dim: 16 x 17 mm. Ref: GH 477. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.14 gm., Dim: 13 x 13 mm. Ref: GH 509. The Coin Galleries: Mauryan Empire The Mauryan empire grew out of the Magadha janapada and kingdom. The empire was founded around 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, a man of humble origins who usurped the Magadhan throne of the Nandas. The Magadhan kingdom was already large and Chandragupta expnded it further. The Seleucid emperor, Seleucos I, ceded to him all the Greek lands south of the Hindu Kush mountains. Thus his empire stretched through modern Pakistan into Afghanistan. Chandragupta is said to have given up the throne in order to become an ascetic. His son, Bindusara, continued the expansion of the empire, as did his grandson, Ashoka. However, after witnessing the aftermath of a particularly bloody battle during the Mauryan conquest of Kalinga in modern-day Orissa, Ashoka was overwhelmed with remorse and decided to abandon war altogether. He converted to Buddhism and started to follow a policy of non-violence, spreading the pacifist philosophy of the Buddha throughout his empire and also to other countries through emissaries sent out for that purpose. The Mauryan empire survived for some 50 years after the death of Ashoka, but was eventually overthrown when a general in the army, Pushyamitra Sunga, usurped the throne. The approximate chronology of the Mauryan kings is as follows: Chandragupta (322-298 BCE) Bindusara (298-272 BCE) Ashoka (272-232 BCE) Dasaratha (232-224 BCE) Samprati (224-215 BCE) Salisuka (215-202 BCE) Devavarman (202-195 BCE) Satadhanvan (195-187 BCE) Brihadratha (187-185 BCE) The Mauryan coinage consisted almost exclusively of silver karshapanas of roughly 3.4 gm, a series that continued the Magadha karshapana series. Almost all Mauryan coins have five punches, as did the Magadhan coins before them ... a sun, a "6-arm symbol" and three others. Some of the last coins in the series also had a punch on the reverse of the coin. Over time, the flans became smaller and thicker. The economy must have been very prosperous, as the coins seem to have been minted in the millions. Large hoards of Mauryan coins are found to this day and, as a result, the coins are quite inexpensive, especially considering their age. Unfortunately, we do not know what the punches signify, nor do we know exactly which coins were issued by which kings. Indeed, we are not even sure where the Magadhan series ends and the Mauryan series begins. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.19 gm., Dim: 16 x 17 mm. Ref: GH 477. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.43 gm., Dim: 15 x 14 mm. Ref: GH 506. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.14 gm., Dim: 13 x 13 mm. Ref: GH 509. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.01 gm., Dim: 15 x 14 mm. Ref: GH 510. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.15 gm., Dim: 12 x 12 mm. Ref: GH 512. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.38 gm., Dim: 13 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 516. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.35 gm., Dim: 13 x 14 mm. Ref: GH 519. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.06 gm., Dim: 16 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 524. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.38 gm., Dim: 16 x 9 mm. Ref: GH 530. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.43 gm., Dim: 11 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 534. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.22 gm., Dim: 13 x 17 mm. Ref: GH 543. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.36 gm., Dim: 13 x 12 mm. Ref: GH 549. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.08 gm., Dim: 14 x 17 mm. Ref: GH 550. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.29 gm., Dim: 13 x 13 mm. Ref: GH 552. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.37 gm., Dim: 11 x 16 mm. Ref: GH 555. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.46 gm., Dim: 13 x 16 mm. Ref: GH 561. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.42 gm., Dim: 16 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 566. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.28 gm., Dim: 15 x 14 mm. Ref: GH 568. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 2.90 gm., Dim: 14 x 13 mm. Ref: GH 570. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.25 gm., Dim: 12 x 16 mm. Ref: GH 573. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.38 gm., Dim: 16 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 574. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 2.99 gm., Dim: 15 x 14 mm. Ref: GH 575. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.27 gm., Dim: 11 x 14 mm. Ref: GH 582. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 2.96 gm., Dim: 10 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 591. Silver karshapana c. 4th-2nd century BCE Weight: 3.24 gm., Dim: 12 x 15 mm. Ref: GH 595. http://coinindia.com/galleries-maurya.html Osmund Bopearachchi, 2000, Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander’s Conquest)” Translated from French into English: Indologica Taurinensia, Official Organ of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies, Vol. 25, 1999-2000, pp. 15-121. Introduction In the last few years, because of accidental finds and illegal excavations, alarge number of hoards that included a really colossal amount of Graeco-Bactrian, Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Parthian and Kushan coins havebeen discovered in Afghanistan and Pakistan.1 The numbers themselves leadus to modify the idea that we could have had of the monetary mass that hascirculated in these regions. The present paper aims at tracing the rough outlinesand the various decisive stages of production and circulation in Central Asiaand North-West India in the light of older coin hoards and newer ones thatwere discovered recently. https://www.academia.edu/15798938/_Coin_Production_and_Circulation_in_Central_Asia_and_North_West_India_Before_and_after_Alexander_s_Conquest_

Numismatics International Bulletin, 1977

I have been asked to post these old numismatic/palaeography guides, long out of print. I caution they are likely out of date, and may well have been superseded by newer, more complete compilations. “A guide to the reading of ancient Indian coin legends. Part III: medieval Devanagari”, Numismatics International Bulletin. Dallas, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jan. 1977), pp. 9-18. Reprinted in the Journal of the Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigillography. Indore, Vol. VI (1988), pp. xxiv-xxxii

World of Coins, 2016

The Kushan Empire was established by ethic Chinese migrants over the remnants of the Indo-Greeks and Scythian territories. The Kushan coinage is very impressive drawing its inspiration from the diverse cultures of various people residing in the Indian sub-continent. This paper commences with an imaginary recreation of the inspiration behind Vima Kadphises to issue India's first gold coins with Shiva featured prominently on them; the various deities appearing on Kushan coins; and the outline of the various elements associated with Kushan coinage.

Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, 2025

This paper deals with the copper coins of Kashmir inscribed with the names 'Śrī Sugandhādevi', 'Śrī Śrī Mahadevya' and 'Śrī Kṣillikāradevi'. These figures were the regent queens or rulers of the Utpala dynasty of Kashmir who appeared on the political scene in the tenth century CE. The ruling spans, political role and names of two queens, Sugandhā and Kṣillikā, are confirmed and clearly mentioned in the Rājatarangiṇī V.250-6 and 290. But the name and most probably the titles of many rulers are known only from coins and not from any other sources. The coins of Śrī Kṣillikāradevi are quite new and rare, published here for the first time. The coins of Śrī Śrī Mahadevya are rare and their attribution is suggested in this article. The importance of these queens of the Utpala dynasty is presented here.

Pratna Samiksha, CASTEI

2020

There is considerable disagreement in the literature over the proper attribution of various types of Gupta gold coins. There are differences of opinion, for example, on the question of whether or not Candragupta I ever issued any coins. The attributions for some of the late Gupta coins are also contested; notably, different authors have different views on how many kings there were who were named Kumāragupta and how many were named Narasiṃhagupta. This paper is not principally concerned with any of these contentious issues, although the question of Candragupta I’s coinage will be discussed. Rather, the purpose of the paper is primarily to propose a reattribution of some coins that so far have been universally assigned to Candragupta II. In other words, it is to create controversy where none has hitherto existed.

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 14-19, 2024

Pāṭaliputr was the legendary city of ancient India for nearly a millennium (450 BCE to 550 CE) and was the capital of Haryaṅk, Śiśunāg, Nand, Maurya, Śuṅg, Kaṇv, Mitr, Gupt, and Later Gupt. Various archaeological materials have been found in the city in the last couple of centuries, and coins are one of them. The city is rich in coin collections, and over 3000 coins have been recovered. These coins are precious for understanding the ancient history of Pāṭaliputr, but a detailed and collective study of these coins is yet awaiting. So, this article thoroughly studies these coins with the collation of literature and produces some unique information, like counterfeiting silver coins was a common practice from the pre-Mauryan period up to the pre-Gupt. It also discusses unsolved questions, like the absence of the Gupt gold coins in the city, though it was the capital of the Gupt dynasty. The article comprehensively describes the type, shape, size, weight, and metal, as well as the legends and symbols found on these coins.

Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society (JONS), Vol. 247, 2022

Copper jitals of the Jajapella dynasty of Narwar are well-documented, though no silver coins were recorded by Deyell or Tye. This paper presents three silver coins of Gopala Deva (1280-1289 CE), who is known from inscriptions during his reign and that of his son Ganapati. I also propose an explanation for the overlap of the dates of Gopala Deva and Ganapati with those of Gopala's father Asala Deva.

World of Coins, 2016

The Gupta Empire is rightfully considered the "Golden Age of Indian History" with Gupta Coins considered as one of the most beautiful in the world and a pristine example of native Indian art. This paper commences with an imaginary introduction story about the life and coronation of Samudragupta, and includes selective coinage of the Gupta Empire; a table of common legends with its translation found on coins ; and detailed explanation for certain coin types eg Lion Slayer, Veena (Lyrist), Asvamedha (Horse Sacrifice), Archer, etc.

Archaeology of Afghanistan, 2019

Archaic Coinage of Godavari Valley and The Deccan, 2021

ANALYSIS OF ARCHAIC COINS

Numismatics International Bulletin, 1976

I have been asked to post these old numismatic/palaeography guides, long out of print. I caution they are likely out of date, and may well have been superseded by newer, more complete compilations. “A guide to the reading of ancient Indian coin legends. Part I: Kharosthi”, Numismatics International Bulletin. Dallas, Vol. 10, No. 9 (Sept. 1976), pp. 307-313. Reprinted in the Journal of the Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigillography. Indore, Vol. VI (1988), pp. v-xi.

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