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Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2009) The Herculaneum Conservation Project: an introduction. In Coralini, A (ed.) Vesuviana: archeologie a confronto. Proceedings of the international conference, Bologna, 14-16 January 2008. Bologna, Edizioni Antequem: 203-207.
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Papers of the British School at Rome, 2012
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1982
Studies of reefs and proximal facies in the Pleistocene of East Africa, and in the Tertiary and Miocene of Bahrain yield predictable sequences of coral sediment distribution patterns. These can be sub-divided into micro-facies ranging from the supratidal to at least --33 m. Many of these suites are comparable with facies found today around Heron Island, on the Australian Great Barrier Reef, upon which a series of facies and fabric models are reconstructed. In depths of less than --15 m five main types of facies-linked preservational styles of corals are recognised and their chemical properties are analysed experimentally: (1) essentially unaltered; (2) red-algal encrusted; (3) moldic rhodoliths after sponge borings ; (4) intensely endolithically bored intertidal debris; and (5) sterile, internally zoned, leached and abraded skeletons from the strand-line. These represent a linear sequence from off-shore to the storm ridge, which are modelled into transgressive and regressive cycles. The probability of their preservation and the relative proportion of their products, from any one time interval, increase in a landward direction. Scleractinian standards are established by tracing six taxonomically distinguishable groups represented amongst Astrocoeniina, Fungiina and Faviina in the quasi-fossil strandline shingle to their origins. Each coral or coral-fragment acquires a distinct suite of epibionts on the host's death, and undergoes characteristic chemical alteration related to its micro~environment. Consequently, the same genus develops various modifications reflecting its history of postmortem transport prior to ultimate burial. Thus, the chemical integrity of the skeleton never remains completely intact, as those specimens that are not subject to encrustation and the influences of endo-and epilithic biota are the more susceptible to diagenetic exchange with percolating pore waters. Preferred pathways for interstitial trace-element enrichment are detected by means of dosing the sea-water with uranium: these are best developed at skeletal margins and along trabecular axes in sterilised specimens. The applicability of these data to bore-hole records is tested by reference to the Heron Island core log. While the implications for the analysis of diageneticaUy advanced material is demonstrated by Jurassic and Carboniferous examples, these data have profound implications for assessing the reliability of isotope geochemistry and radiometric dating.
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2006
This article looks at two periods in the history of the archaeological site of Herculaneum (Italy) and the role of the archaeologist there. Amedeo Maiuri was in charge of the first major excavation campaign that uncovered the site from 1927 to 1961, but was also responsible for the site's restoration, presentation and maintenance. Much can be learnt from his approach, particularly with regard to site management -a fixed team of specialists continuously cared for the siteand his creation of what was effectively an open-air museum. The second example looks at the author's experiences with the Herculaneum Conservation Project, where the emphasis is on conservation interventions rather than excavation, but where the archaeologist has an important role in the conservation team and also has the opportunity to make new archaeological discoveries. The article concludes that the role of the archaeologist must evolve to include a professional responsibility for archaeological heritage that extends beyond its excavation.
The House of the Bicentenary at Herculaneum. Reopening eighty years after its discovery, 2020
The paper is the contribution of the authors to the guide book published in Italian and English by the Parco Archeologico di Ercolano for the reopening to the public of the the House of the Bicentenary at the archaeological site of Herculaneum, Italy. The paper explores the peculiarities of the restoration strategies that took place in the XX century and their consequences in terms of conservation challenges to be tackled today.
Papers of the British School at Rome, 2013
in the immediate vicinity are 'speckled' in response to the dense surface scatter of pottery and wasters. It is tempting to attribute an agricultural function to this newly discovered building, as there must have been a productive zone of the villa and as it lies close to the kiln site. However, some caution must be exercised, as its proximity to the residential area of the villa might indicate an extension of the living quarters. Additional survey work to the south of the excavations may help to address this issue and reveal the full extent of the villa complex. Further details and a full summary of all the work, both past and present, conducted by the BSR and APSS, can be found on FastiOnline (www.fastionline.org), as well as on the archaeology research pages of the BSR website (www.bsr.ac.uk/research/archaeology).
Papers of the British School at Rome, 2010
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006
Stony corals, which form the framework for modern reefs, are classified as Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, and Hexacorallia) in reference to their external aragonitic skeletons. However, persistent notions, collectively known as the ''naked coral'' hypothesis, hold that the scleractinian skeleton does not define a natural group. Three main lines of evidence have suggested that some stony corals are more closely related to one or more of the soft-bodied hexacorallian groups than they are to other scleractinians: (i) morphological similarities; (ii) lack of phylogenetic resolution in molecular analyses of scleractinians; and (iii) discrepancy between the commencement of a diverse scleractinian fossil record at 240 million years ago (Ma) and a molecule-based origination of at least 300 Ma. No molecular evidence has been able to clearly reveal relationships at the base of a well supported clade composed of scleractinian lineages and the nonskeletonized Corallimorpharia. We present complete mitochondrial genome data that provide strong evidence that one clade of scleractinians is more closely related to Corallimorpharia than it is to a another clade of scleractinians. Thus, the scleractinian skeleton, which we estimate to have originated between 240 and 288 Ma, was likely lost in the ancestry of Corallimorpharia. We estimate that Corallimorpharia originated between 110 and 132 Ma during the late-to mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with high levels of oceanic CO2, which would have impacted aragonite solubility. Corallimorpharians escaped extinction from aragonite skeletal dissolution, but some modern stony corals may not have such fortunate fates under the pressure of increased anthropogenic CO 2 in the ocean.
Provides a conceptual theory of identification fossil rugosa. Discusses the possibility define the boundaries of the variability of their featured. With specific examples showing ways distinguishing consimilar and different phenones. It is shown that based on the facts already discrete phenotypes identified between the two sets of signs, one could argue about the reproductive isolation of each single species
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Research indicates a significant shortage of qualified conservators, architects, and engineers since the 1960s. Despite financial resources, the Soprintendenza faced delays due to the lack of technical personnel.
The 2004 legislation allowed external bodies to manage conservation work, significantly reducing bureaucratic delays. This legislative shift enabled the British School at Rome to effectively take charge of on-site conservation efforts.
The rediscovery and unblocking of Herculaneum's original Roman drainage system emerged as vital to site conservation. Engineer Ippolito Massari's contributions emphasized a comprehensive approach to manage water effectively.
The project's primary focus involved analyzing the structural and conservation issues at Insula Orientalis I. An interdisciplinary team was assembled to devise solutions for immediate and long-term site maintenance.
Excavations of the sewer system have unveiled details about waste disposal practices and social dynamics. This work has yielded an extensive collection of organic and inorganic material, enriching dietary studies of the first century AD.
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2007) Introduction: the Herculaneum Conservation Project. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 8.4: 187-190.
Papers of the British School at Rome, 2010
Camardo, D., Esposito, D., Imperatore, C., Notomista, M., Court, S. & Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2010) Archaeological results from the Herculaneum Conservation Project in 2009. Papers of the British School at Rome 78: 318-322.
Papers of the British School at Rome, 2012
Camardo, D., Court, S. & Thompson, J. (2012) Ten years of the Herculaneum Conservation Project. Papers of the British School at Rome 80: 360 - 362.
Papers of the British School at Rome, 2013
Court, S., Thompson, J. & Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2013) The Herculaneum Conservation Project: activities in 2012-13. Papers of the British School at Rome 81: 355-358.
This article looks at two periods in the history of the archaeological site of Herculaneum (Italy) and the role of the archaeologist there. Amedeo Maiuri was in charge of the first major excavation campaign that uncovered the site from 1927 to 1961, but was also responsible for the site's restoration, presentation and maintenance. Much can be learnt from his approach, particularly with regard to site management -a fixed team of specialists continuously cared for the siteand his creation of what was effectively an open-air museum. The second example looks at the author's experiences with the Herculaneum Conservation Project, where the emphasis is on conservation interventions rather than excavation, but where the archaeologist has an important role in the conservation team and also has the opportunity to make new archaeological discoveries. The article concludes that the role of the archaeologist must evolve to include a professional responsibility for archaeological heritage that extends beyond its excavation.
During the 1960s, fossil beds characterized by a tropical-sea malacofauna were discovered by G. Ruggieri and G. Buccheri in the Island of Ustica, on the southern slope of Falconiera hill, 32 m asl. Thanks to the presence of Strombus bubonius and other Senegalese guests, the authors estimated that the molluscan fauna had lived around 125,000 years ago, during the Tyrrhenian stage. Recently on the initiative of the “Centro Studi e Documentazione Isola di Ustica”, a research has been initiated to verify the persistence of sand-layers mixed up with Tyrrhenian fossils, even though, in the last 50 years, that area has undergone great changes, because of earthworks which have sealed the deposit. The new research led to the discovery of a fossil assemblage formed by 22 taxa (16 species of gastropods and 6 of bivalves), characterized by the presence of some Senegalese guests and other accompanying species that can be associated with the Eutyrrhenian subunit (MIS 5.5). This is the main subject of this note, along with the suggestion to preserve what remains of the Ustica Tyrrhenian deposit.
Spanish Journal of Palaeontology
Architectural effects on fossil preservation. The case of macaroni coralline algae. [Efectos de la arquitectura en la preservación de fósiles. El caso de las algas coralinas macarrón].
During the 1960s, fossil beds characterized by a tropical-sea malacofauna were discovered by G. Ruggieri and G. Buccheri in the Island of Ustica, on the southern slope of Falconiera hill, 32 m asl. Thanks to the presence of Strombus bubonius and other Senegalese guests, the authors estimated that the molluscan fauna had lived around 125,000 years ago, during the Tyrrhenian stage. Recently on the initiative of the “Centro Studi e Documentazione Isola di Ustica”, a research has been initiated to verify the persistence of sand-layers mixed up with Tyrrhenian fossils, even though, in the last 50 years, that area has undergone great changes, because of earthworks which have sealed the deposit. The new research led to the discovery of a fossil assemblage formed by 22 taxa (16 species of gastropods and 6 of bivalves), characterized by the presence of some Senegalese guests and other accompanying species that can be associated with the Eutyrrhenian subunit (MIS 5.5). This is the main subjec...
Herculaneum Conservation Project