For almost twenty years the Serakhs Oasis in southern Turkmenistan has been studied by the Polish-Turkmen Archaeological Mission headed by Barbara Kaim. The intensive field survey, conducted since 2007, resulted not only in a discovery of almost 150 sites of different periods, but it also sheds light on the Yaz period and the earliest confirmed occupation of the oasis. The ArcGIS database created, which includes satellite imagery, digital elevation data, topographic maps, vector data related to hydrology, ancient and recent occupation, is used as a tool to discuss some important questions relating to the settlement pattern of the oasis. The main issue of this contribution is an evaluation of the current state of research regarding the oldest settlement pattern (Iron Age), water management and the landscape taphonomy of the Serakhs Oasis. The possibility of the detection of the oldest sites will be also discussed.

SHERABAD OASIS Tracing Historical Landscape in Southern Uzbekistan, 2019

This work is the second volume of the series publishing the results of the Czech-Uzbek archaeological expedition in southern Uzbekistan. While the first part was devoted to the excavations at the central site of the Sherabad Oasis called Jandavlattepa, the second volume analyses the development of the settlement throughout this oasis based on the new data gained by the expedition. The used methodology includes both extensive and intensive archaeological survey, revisions of published archaeological data, historical maps and satellite images. Apart from the dynamics of the settlement of the research area spreading from prehistoric to modern time, the development of the irrigation systems in the steppe lowlands was also assessed. https://cupress.cuni.cz/ink2_ext/index.jsp?include=podrobnosti&id=437888

The Samarkand Region is one of the most important areas in Central Asia in terms of quality and quantity of archaeological sites and historical monuments. Since 1999 the activities of the Uzbek-Italian Archaeological Project Samarkand and Its Territory were devoted to the recovery of traces of ancient human activities in the southern part of the region, in order to reconstruct the major settlement phases and the territorial transformations occurred in the area. The present paper will focus on the methodological framework employed in the identification of the archaeological sites, their chronological attribution, as well as a first interpretation of the settlement dynamics in relation to the development of the irrigation network and the major commercial routes linking Samarkand to its neighbors

In the present as in the past, life in Central Asia has depended on erratic water supplies. Thanks to the recent intensification of archaeological work throughout the region and the combined support of GIS software and remote sensing, we can now study the relationship between urban development and innovations in hydraulic engineering and water management during the transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age. We are convinced that a reconstruction of a detailed model of the ancient river system is a crucial step towards developing a better understanding of human settlement in the alluvial fan and in elucidating the relationship between sedentary and nomadic people in Southern Turkmenistan. One of the archaeological areas in the deeply transformed Murghab alluvial fan able to shed light onto this issue is the area located between the sites of Takhirbai, Auchin and Gonur, among the dense settlement evidence of the Achaemenid period.

This preliminary report summarizes the results of the archaeological research in the oases in the Kugitang Piedmont after the second season (summer 2016). The field survey in the Zarabag Oasis, which was the subject of our interest in the first season, was accomplished and the research continued in the oases where the villages of Karabag and Kampyrtepa are situated. The prospection led to the detection of new archaeological sites in both of them. Moreover, the examination of the sites previously known from earlier works was conducted. Besides this we focused on the the mapping of the water sources. The collected data have been processed in GIS and the finds were analysed and dated. Preliminarily, we observe basically a similar dynamic in the settlement patterns of all the researched oases.

Journal of Islamic Archaeology, 2020

A joint Kazakh-British archaeological initiative undertook a survey and excavation of the city of Kuik-Mardan, one of the largest of the seventy or so known settlements in the Otrar oasis on the Syr-Darya river, Kazakhstan. Several complimentary field techniques were employed including unmanned aerial vehicle photomapping and an extensive programme of radiometric dating. The radiocarbon dates obtained are the first for any city in the oasis and allow more confident interpretations of the experience of the city to be ventured. Also undertaken was a geoarchaeological investigation of the surrounding irrigation and water supply canal system. Key results include its wholesale destruction during the 6th to 7th century and the form of the later occupation of the city.

F. Lugli, A. A. Stoppiello, S. Biagetti (eds), Ethnoarchaeology: current research and field methods. Conference proceedings, Rome, Italy, 13th-14th May 2010. BAR International Series 2472, 2013

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2019

The homogenous cultural identity that emerged during the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1450 cal BC) in the central territory of the Carpathian Basin is identified uniformly as the Vatya culture. The Vatya people created multilayered tells, open air horizontal, as well as fortified settlements along the western and eastern bank of the Danube river. These archaeological sites are significant elements of both the cultural and natural heritage of the Carpathian Basin. Their significance does not only lie within the possibility to reconstruct the life, society and material culture of Vatya populations, but the buried soils and anthropogenic sediments hold significant information on prehistoric human-environment interactions, and on site formation processes that occurred after the abandonment of the individual settlements. Geophysical prospection methods and field walking helped to locate and identify the tripartite structure of Kakucs-Turján archaeological site within the territory of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve. The settlement was established on the border of different geographical micro-regions and at the conjunction of dissimilar natural geographical environments. The stratigraphy of the site was described by the means of high resolution and focused series of hand auger observations, as well as on the basis of basic soil physical and chemical parameters. The detailed macro-morphological description of the soil core profiles aimed at precisely identifying the soilscape of the site and its vicinity, the stratigraphy of the anthropogenic and natural sediments of the settlement, but also to facilitate our understanding of the site formation process. Data gained by the means of geoarchaeological methods not only form the basis of environmental historical conclusions, but reveals mosaics of the interaction between ancient human populations and their environment.

Radiocarbon, 2012

The oasis of Samarkand in the Middle Zeravshan Valley (modern Uzbekistan) was a major political and economic center in ancient western Central Asia. The chronology of its irrigation system was, until now, only constrained by the quality and quantity of archaeological findings and several different hypotheses have been proposed for it. We use a new approach combining archaeological surveying, radiocarbon dating, sedimentary analysis, and the numerical modeling of a flood event to offer new evidence for, and quantitative dating of, the development of irrigation system on the southern flank of the Middle Zeravshan Valley. We analyzed 13 bones and charcoals from 3 archaeological sites and obtained new 14 C ages from Afrasiab (ancient Samarkand), a dwelling damaged by flooding in the 2nd century AD (site code: SAM-174) and the fortress of Kafir Kala. We established the origin of sedimentary deposits at the sites to infer the presence of the 2 most important canals of the southern flank: the Dargom and the Yanghiaryk. Finally, we show with a numerical model of overland flow that a natural flood was unlikely to have produced the damage observed at SAM-174. The combined results of the study indicate that the canals south of Samarkand existed, and were mainly developed, in the 2nd century AD and were not connected to the main feeding canal of Afrasiab at that time.

AI

2016

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Reconstruction of Archaeological sites using photographs from Aerial Surveying, hand-held devices and Open Access Image Repositories • ANESTIS KOUTSOUDIS, FOTIOS ARNAOUTOGLOU, VASILIOS LIAKOPOULOS, ATHANASIOS TSAOUSELIS, GEORGE IOANNAKIS, CHRISTODOULOS CHAMZAS Creating 3D replicas of medium-to-large scale monuments for Web-based dissemination within the framework of the 3D-ICONS project • GÁBOR BÖDŐ Understanding Heritage through Augmented Reality Development • GARY DEVLIN, ANTHONY CORNS, ROBERT SHAW, PATRICK GRIFFIN Modelling Irelands iconic sites: Generating online digital models from massive pointcloud datasets ROUNDTABLE 6 -Thinking between the lines: conceptualising the future of archaeological databases Room 14 Chair: Alan Greene, Ian Johnson 11.00-11.30 Coffee break 11.30-13.30 Keynote speakers -Auditorium 11.30 -12.15 (+15 min question time) Holly Rushmeier : "Computer Graphics Techniques for Analysis" 12.30 -13.15 (+15 min question time) Maurizio Forte: "The Digital Mind: towards a new Framework for Neuro-Archaeology" 13.30-14.30 Lunch time 14.30-15.00 Poster session 15.00-16.40 3C Computer and rock art studies: data collection, interpretation and communication Room A Chair: Andrea Arcà • MARGARITA DIAZ-ANDREU, TOMMASO MATTIOLI Archaeoacoustics of rock art: quantitative and qualitative approaches to the acoustics and soundscapes of rock art in the Western Mediterranean • JOHAN LINDERHOLM, PAUL GELADI, CLAUDIA SCIUTO Field based Near Infrared analysis of Rock paintings in northern Scandinavia • ENRIQUE CERRILLO-CUENCA, MARCELA SEPÚLVEDA Photographic recording and the digital enhancement of pigments: recent applications in the rock art of Northern Chile • PAOLO EMILIO BAGNOLI, ANDREA SAMUELI Computer graphics-aided recording of open-air extensive rock-art panels Chair: Mercedes Farjas

A Millennium of History : The Iron Age in southern Central Asia (2 nd and 1 st Millennia BC). Proceedings of the conference held in Berlin (June 23–25, 2014). Dedicated to the memory of Viktor Ivanovich Sarianidi., p. 143-158, 2018

The history of the research on the Iron Age (Yaz culture) settlement pattern in the alluvial fans of the Tedzhen River in Turkmenistan is rather short. Until recent studies, A. A. Marushchenko, K. Adykov, O. Orazov and V. N. Pilipko have discovered two settlement zones of the Yaz culture in this area – the main Tedzhen delta (11 sites), and the Serakhs oasis (5 sites). Since 1995 the archaeological work in the Serahs oasis are conducted by the Polish-Turkmen Archaeological Mission headed by Prof. Barbara Kaim and, since 2007, intensive archaeological surveys were carried out. As a result 156 sites of different periods were found. The recent studies indicate the existence of 21 sites with Yaz pottery in the area of the Serakhs oasis. More and more attention is also devoted to the Iron Age sites located in the main delta of the Tedzhen. The created ArcGIS database, including satellite imagery, topographic maps, different types of vector data related to hydrology, as well as ancient and recent occupation of the territory, is a relevant tool in the study of the region. The analysis of settlement patterns and the topography, presented in the paper, allows us judge the extent of the irrigation system in the Yaz periods and indicates the direction of future study.

e present article summarizes the methods and results of archaeological research initiated in the autumn 2015 in the Zarabag Oasis (Sherabad District, South Uzbekistan). e main goal of the research was to obtain basic data on the seelement dynamics in the given area. e fieldwork methods comprised both extensive and intensive surface survey. e extensive part of the survey focused on detecting visible structures and morphological features in the landscape, detecting poery scaers and other finds and mapping water sources. As an intensive part of the project we carried out a systematic surface survey at a selected field in the oasis. ese works resulted in the detection of 20 sites, six water springs, and 16 pits belonging to karez systems. According to our surveys, the Zarabag Oasis has been continuously seeled by a mixed agricultural and nomadic population since at least the High Medieval Period, sporadic earlier occupation comprises not only the Early Medieval and the Late Antique Periods, but also the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Ages.

eTopoi. Journal for Ancient Studies 3: 369-375, 2012

Urbanized Landscapes in Early Syro-Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mesoamerica Papers of a Cross-Cultural Seminar held in Honor of Robert McCormick Adams. D. Domenici and N. Marchetti eds., 2018

Thousands of archaeological mounds and relicts of irrigation canals characterize the Central Asian landscapes. Unlike the Near East and Mesopotamia, which have both a long experience in landscape archaeology, in Central Asia this approach is still limited. Only recently, new cooperation programs between local institutions and international teams, as well as improved methods and technologies in recording and analyzing spatial data, have allowed for new season of research in this area of the ancient world. Data from the Samarkand oasis (Uzbekistan) have been already used, though preliminarily, to reconstruct the historical interactions between man and the environment in this region. The main goal of this paper is to rather use the case of Samarkand to introduce some problems connected to the identification and dating of multilayered anthropic mounds (tepa) and abandoned irrigation canals. After a brief comparison between the landscape archaeology tradition in Central Asia, Mesopotamia and the Near East, methods and results from the Uzbek-Italian Archaeological Expedition in Samarkand are presented. Finally, the main markers used in chronological attribution will be considered in an attempt to provide some insights on both the benefits and limits of such a methodological approach.

Agrokémia és Talajtan, 2014

In this article we re-visit hypotheses about the changing social and environmental landscapes in southern Central Asia during the late Holocene, specifically giving attention to the transitional period between the archaeologically-defined Late Bronze e Early Iron Age (second half of the 2nd millennium BC) and the numerous documented changes in the archaeological and physio-geographical record during this time. We focus on the northeastern Murghab alluvial fan (Turkmenistan) as a window into this complex period, and examine one aspect of human-environmental dynamics there, namely, the relationship between the location of archaeological sites and mapped ancient watercourses (palaeochannels) through time. Our analysis incorporates nearly 400 new archaeological sites documented in the northeastern Murghab since 2006, which have not previously been included in published models of settlement and/or hydrological dynamics. Our findings suggest the periods of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (Yaz I) demonstrate two distinct access-to-water practices, which may correlate to different processes of socio-territorial control being implemented. While no single line of evidence can adequately disentangle the complex interconnected processes of environmental and social change, our results lend themselves to integration with the current working knowledge of the local processes of socioenvironmental development in the Murghab. The results also fit more broadly within emerging discourse that recognizes the importance of micro-scale processes and adaptation in Eurasian prehistory.

This paper presents the results of the Northern Murghab Delta Survey, an intensive survey designed to investigate Bronze Age settlement distributions in a transitional zone between delta and desert in southeastern Turkmenistan. The visually obstructed landscape complicates effective identification of past settlement patterns, a problem that can be significantly lessened (if not eliminated) via the integration of remote sensing data with intensive fieldwalking survey. The survey data is thus presented within the context of past and present landscapes, leading to a re-interpretation of Bronze Age occupation as a combination of varied processes, strongly influenced by but not fully constrained to major watercourses. I.

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