↑Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995.Algae:An Introduction to Phycology. pages 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).ISBN 0-521-30419-9
↑Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995.Algae:An Introduction to Phycology. pages 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).ISBN 0-521-30419-9
↑Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).ISBN 0-521-66097-1
↑Schuster, Rudolf M.,The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 712-713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992).ISBN 0-914868-21-7.
↑Buck, William R. & Bernard Goffinet, 2000. "Morphology and classification of mosses", page 71in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.),Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).ISBN 0-521-66097-1
↑6.06.16.26.3Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, & Susan E. Eichhorn, 2005.Biology of Plants, 7th edition. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company).ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
↑Gifford, Ernest M. & Adriance S. Foster, 1988.Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition, page 358. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company).ISBN 0-7167-1946-0.
↑Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor, 1993.The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 636. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall).ISBN 0-13-651589-4.
