Zhenjiang 镇江市 Chinkiang | |
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   .jpeg) .jpg) Left to right, top to bottom: view of Zhenjiang from Jiao Hill,Jinshan Temple complex, Beigu Tower, Ancient Street in Xijin Ferry,Wanda Plaza | |
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 Location of Zhenjiang City (red) in Jiangsu | |
  Zhenjiang Location in Jiangsu Show map of Jiangsu Zhenjiang Zhenjiang (Eastern China) Show map of Eastern China Zhenjiang Zhenjiang (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Zhenjiang government):32°11′17″N119°25′26″E / 32.188°N 119.424°E /32.188; 119.424 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jiangsu |
| Municipal seat | Runzhou District |
| Government | |
| • Party Secretary | Yang Xingshi (杨省世) |
| Area | |
| 3,837.259 km2 (1,481.574 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,084.8 km2 (418.8 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,084.8 km2 (418.8 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 3,210,418 | |
| • Density | 840/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,266,790 |
| • Urban density | 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,266,790 |
| • Metro density | 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 405 billion US$ 61.3 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 126,906 US$ 19,214 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 212000, 212100 (Urban center) 212200-212400 (Other areas) |
| Area code | 511 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-JS-11 |
| MajorNationalities | Han - 99.43% Hui Uyghur Kazakh Tatar |
| County-level divisions | 6 |
| Township-level divisions | 77 |
| License Plate Prefix | 苏L |
| Website | www |
| Zhenjiang | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 镇江 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鎭江 | ||||||||||
| Postal | Chinkiang | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Guarding the River Guarded River | ||||||||||
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| Former names | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jingkou | |||||||
| Chinese | 京口 | ||||||
| Postal | Kingkiang | ||||||
| Literal meaning | Capital pass | ||||||
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| Nanxuzhou | |||||||
| Chinese | 南徐州 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | SouthernXuzhou | ||||||
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Zhenjiang,alternatelyromanized asChinkiang, is aprefecture-level city inJiangsu Province, China. It lies on the southernbank of theYangtze River near its intersection with theGrand Canal. It is oppositeYangzhou (to its north) and betweenNanjing (to its west) andChangzhou (to its east). Zhenjiang was formerly the provincial capital of Jiangsu and remains as an important transportation hub. As of the2020 census, its total population was 3,210,418 inhabitants whom 1,266,790 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 3 urban districts. The town is best known both in China and abroad forChinkiang vinegar, a fragrantblack vinegar that is a staple ofChinese cooking.
Prior to the adoption ofHanyu Pinyin, the city's name was typicallyromanized asChin-keang-foo,[3]Chen-kiang-fu,[4] orChinkiang.[4]
Former names includeJingkou andRunzhou.[citation needed]
A part of Zhenjiang was held by Ce,Marquess ofYi, under theearly Zhoudynasty. It was subsequently known asZhufang andGuyang.[clarification needed][citation needed] After theunification of China byShi Huangdi ofQin in 221 BC, the area was organized as the county (xian) ofDantu. One Chinese legend relates that the site'sfengshui was so advantageous that the First Emperor ordered 3000prisoners to dig a tunnel through one of its hills to dissipate itsqi. In the middle of the 3rd century BC, Dantu was elevated to the status of a commandery (jun).[6]
TheSui took the city in AD 581 fromChen and made it an important garrison on the lowerYangtze, the source of its present name ("Protecting the River"). In 595, it was restored to commandery status. Its importance grew with the construction of theGrand Canal, after which it served as the chief collection and transit center for the grain tax paid by the farmers of theYangtze delta. The city flourished from the 10th to 13th centuries, when it produced fine silks, satins, and silverware for theSong emperors. The 11th-century scientist and statesmanShen Kuo composed his 1088Dream Pool Essays during his retirement in a garden estate on the outskirts of the city. It was taken by theMongolians during their 1275 campaign against theSouthern Song capital atHangzhou.[7] Under theirYuan dynasty, someNestorianChristians were reported living in the city. The city fell toXu Da on 17 March 1356.[8] According toOdoric of Pordenone, Zhenjiang had a vast amount of shipping, more so than any other city in the world. The ships which worked the city were painted white and often doubled as businesses such as taverns or other gathering spots.[9] Under theMing, it was the seat of a prefecture (fu) ofNanzhili, the Southern Directly-Administered District around the secondary capitalNanjing. TheSouthern Ming placed the town underZheng Zhifeng, brother ofZheng Zhilong and favorite uncle ofKoxinga. He was fooled into wasting most of his ammunition against a feint, however, and forced to abandon the city to theManchus on 1 June 1645.[10]
Under theQing, Zhenjiang was a city of half a million surrounded by a series of brickcity walls up to 35 feet (11 m) high.[3] It continued as a prefectural seat, first under the "Right" Governor ofJiangnan atSuzhou and later under the governor ofJiangsu in Jiangning (now Nanjing). After a fierce resistance, Zhenjiang—romanized at the time as Chinkiang—wascaptured by theBritish on 21 July 1842 during theFirst Opium War.[3][4] As this left the path open toNanjing, its fall prompted theunequalTreaty of Nanking to avoid further conflict. A decade later, massive floods of theYellow River altered its course from south to north ofShandong and closed the northern path of the Grand Canal. Soon after, Zhenjiang was sacked by theTaiping rebels in 1853.[3] It was recaptured by the Qing in 1858[3] and opened as atreaty port in 1861.[11] Into the 1870s,Chaozhou merchants used their connections in Zhenjiang to make it a regional distribution center foropium purchased from the foreign merchants inShanghai; whenDavid Sassoon attempted to avoid taxation by delivering his cargoes directly to the opium merchants in Zhenjiang, the Chinese organized to intimidate his customers and then bought out his failed organization.[12] The population was estimated at 168,000 in 1904.[4]
The southern part of the Grand Canal was obstructed in the early 20th century,[citation needed] although by that point the city was connected byrail toShanghai andNanjing.[4] TheKuomintang government revoked the British concession at Zhenjiang in 1929.
From 1928 to 1949, whileNanjing served as the capital of theRepublic of China, Zhenjiang served as the provincial capital for Jiangsu. DuringWorld War II, the city fell toJapan'sShanghai Expeditionary Army in the morning of 8 December 1937,[13] shortly beforethe capture of Nanjing, but local resistance to the Japanese is still celebrated among the Chinese.[citation needed] When theCommunists won theChinese Civil War and relocated the capital toBeijing, Nanjing resumed its role as Jiangsu's capital.
Zhenjiang is still one of China's busiest ports for domestic commerce, serving as a hub for trade amongJiangsu,Anhui, andShanghai. The trade mostly consists of grain, cotton, oils, and lumber. The other main industries are mostly in the field of food processing and paper pulp manufacturing.
The city has ahumid subtropical climate (Koppen:Cwa), with a noticeable rise in rainfall during theEast Asian monsoon. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −12.0 °C (10 °F) (unofficial record of −12.9 °C (9 °F) was set on 27 January 1933)[14] to 39.5 °C (103 °F).
| Climate data for Zhenjiang (Dantu District) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.8 (69.4) | 26.5 (79.7) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.5 (92.3) | 36.5 (97.7) | 38.0 (100.4) | 39.5 (103.1) | 38.8 (101.8) | 38.2 (100.8) | 32.5 (90.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 22.8 (73.0) | 39.5 (103.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) | 9.7 (49.5) | 14.6 (58.3) | 21.0 (69.8) | 26.2 (79.2) | 29.0 (84.2) | 32.2 (90.0) | 31.7 (89.1) | 27.8 (82.0) | 22.6 (72.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 9.8 (49.6) | 20.7 (69.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 9.8 (49.6) | 15.7 (60.3) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.7 (76.5) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.8 (82.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 11.8 (53.2) | 5.5 (41.9) | 16.2 (61.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) | 1.9 (35.4) | 5.8 (42.4) | 11.1 (52.0) | 16.7 (62.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 8.1 (46.6) | 2.1 (35.8) | 12.6 (54.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −9.0 (15.8) | −11.0 (12.2) | −5.6 (21.9) | −0.1 (31.8) | 7.3 (45.1) | 12.1 (53.8) | 18.4 (65.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 10.7 (51.3) | 3.2 (37.8) | −4.6 (23.7) | −12.0 (10.4) | −12.0 (10.4) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 55.9 (2.20) | 54.5 (2.15) | 81.2 (3.20) | 75.8 (2.98) | 88.8 (3.50) | 184.4 (7.26) | 210.7 (8.30) | 165.2 (6.50) | 78.1 (3.07) | 57.6 (2.27) | 58.9 (2.32) | 39.9 (1.57) | 1,151 (45.32) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.3 | 9.2 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 11.1 | 13.7 | 12.8 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 8.5 | 7.3 | 118 |
| Average snowy days | 3.3 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 8.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 71 | 71 | 69 | 68 | 69 | 76 | 79 | 79 | 76 | 72 | 72 | 69 | 73 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 132.1 | 130.5 | 153.6 | 180.7 | 191.9 | 149.0 | 185.5 | 189.8 | 168.9 | 172.8 | 149.2 | 145.1 | 1,949.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 41 | 41 | 41 | 46 | 45 | 35 | 43 | 46 | 46 | 49 | 48 | 47 | 44 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[15][16] | |||||||||||||
Theprefecture-level city of Zhenjiang administers 6county-level divisions, including threedistricts and threecounty-level cities.
These are further divided into 77township-level divisions, including 66towns, 1township and 10subdistricts.
| Administrative divisions of Zhenjiang | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subdivision | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population(2020) | Area(km2) | Density(/km2) |
| City Proper | |||||
| Jingkou District | 京口区 | Jīngkǒu Qū | 619,570 | 426.8 | 1,452 |
| Runzhou District | 润州区 | Rùnzhōu Qū | 299,956 | 127.4 | 2,354 |
| Suburban | |||||
| Dantu District | 丹徒区 | Dāntú Qū | 347,264 | 634.5 | 547.3 |
| Satellite cities (County-level cities) | |||||
| Danyang City | 丹阳市 | Dānyáng Shì | 988,900 | 1,047 | 944.5 |
| Yangzhong City | 扬中市 | Yángzhōng Shì | 315,462 | 330.8 | 953.6 |
| Jurong City | 句容市 | Jùróng Shì | 639,266 | 1,380 | 463.2 |
| Total | 3,210,418 | 3,947 | 813.4 | ||
As inNanjing, Zhenjiang's oldWu dialects have been entirely supplanted bya dialect ofLower Yangtze Mandarin.[citation needed] It is incomprehensible to the residents of neighboringChangzhou,whose dialect remains a form ofTaihu Wu.
The population was 3,210,418 as of 2020, reflecting a 0.31% annual change from the 2010 census, which recorded a population of 3,114,105.[citation needed]
Zhenjiang is most famous for its fragrant black vinegar, calledZhenjiang vinegar. Chinese legend traces it to Heita, the son ofDukang, the supposed inventor ofalcoholic beverages. Having forgotten about a vat of wine for 21 days, he found it had spoiled but now possessed a pleasant sour taste that could be used to complement foods.[17] The present recipe is said to date back 1400 years, with its major modern manufacturer—the Jiangsu Hengshun Vinegar Industry Co.—dating to 1840.[18]
Other local specialties include crab cream bun,[clarification needed] Chinkiang pork (鎭江肴肉, akin tohead cheese), and pickled vegetables.[citation needed] Formerly, households in Zhenjiang would prepare for thenew year by eating ared-bean dish and avoiding rice. One bowl of beans was left on the table to feed the home'sflies, from the belief that they would then avoid disturbing the family during the new year festivities.[19]
Anatural spring in a park on the edge of Zhenjiang has been famed since theTang (7th–9th century) as the best in Jiangsu for makingtea. It is now marketed as the "First Springunder Heaven".
The 15th-centuryJapaneseink-wash masterSesshū Tōyō studied in Zhenjiang.[13]
The local Jinshan temple appears in the tale ofMadame White Snake and inspired a replica in theKangxi Emperor's garden atChengde.[20]
Zhenjiang is located in the convenientYangtze River Delta transport corridor, at the crossroads of theGrand Canal and theYangtze, and between the Shanghai and Nanjing economic regions. ThePort of Zhenjiang is the third largest port on the Yangtze. The city has twoYangtze River crossings. TheRunyang Yangtze River Bridge complex, which has one of thelongest suspension bridge spans in the world, connects toYangzhou. TheTaizhou Yangtze River Bridge,one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world, connects Yongzhong with Taizhou.
Zhenjiang has been connected by rail since 1906, at the completion of the Nanjing-Shanghai Railway. The railway was extended to Beijing after the completion of theNanjing Yangtze River Bridge in 1968, connecting Zhenjiang to China's political and commercial hubs. The primary railway station was Zhenjiang West Railway Station, which was demolished in 2004 due to congestion it caused in the city center. Since thenZhenjiang Railway Station has served as the city's principal railway station.
Since April 2010, Zhenjiang has been on the route of theShanghai-Nanjing Intercity Rail, the first high-speed rail with a design speed of over 300 km/h (186 mph) to serve the city. In 2011, theBeijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway was completed. Trains on the line stop atZhenjiang South Railway Station. The two high-speed lines have reduced travel time between Zhenjiang and Shanghai to under an hour, and travel time to Beijing to under five hours. Rail service to Shanghai is frequent - averaging one train in less than half an hour.[21]
Zhenjiang does not have a commercial airport within its city limits, although there is a military airfield,Zhenjiang Dalu Airport (镇江大路机场), which may open to regional flights in the future. Zhenjiang city center is 62 km (39 mi) away fromChangzhou Benniu International Airport, about a one-hour drive (80 km or 50 mi) away fromNanjing Lukou International Airport via Nanjing Provincial Highway 243, and approximately a two-hour (143 km or 89 mi) drive away fromSunan Shuofang International Airport. Check-in facilities are available for Lukou Airport in the New Zhenjiang Bus Station (镇江汽车新站).[22]
Zhenjiang is on the route ofBeijing-Shanghai Expressway, andChina National Highway 312.
As of 2014[update], Zhenjiang had an extensive number of bus routes - numbering nearly one hundred. Since 2012 the city's entire fleet of city buses are equipped with GPS and are managed centrally through a "smart transport network system."[22]
Zhenjiang Export Processing Zone was approved by theState Council on March 10, 2003, with a total planned area of 2.53 square kilometres (0.98 square miles). The first-phrase project completed in December 2003 covers 0.91 square kilometres (0.35 square miles) and was certified by the Customs General Administration and other seven ministries for operation on December 24, 2003. Zhenjiang Export Processing Zone is located close toChangzhou Airport and Zhenjiang Port.[23]
Public institutions having full-timeBachelor's degree programs includeJiangsu University (江苏大学) and theJiangsu University of Science and Technology (江苏科技大学). Zhenjiang is home to the Silkworm Raising Research Institute of theAcademy of Agricultural Science of China. The Shaozong Library includes a 100-volume collection of sayings and proverbs dating from the 7th to 11th centuries.
Senior high schools are Jiangsu Provincial Zhenjiang No. 1 High School (江苏省镇江第一中学), the Zhenjiang High School of Jiangsu Province (江苏省镇江中学) and the Jiangsu Provincial Dagang High School (江苏省大港中学).
Fairfield, Australia[24]
Mannheim, Germany
Kiskőrös, Hungary[25]
Tsu, Mie, Japan[26]
Kuching, Malaysia[27]
Stavropol, Russia[28]
Tempe, Arizona, United States[29]
Zhenjiang travel guide from Wikivoyage| International | |
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| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |
