 | |
| Module statistics | |
|---|---|
| COSPAR ID | 1998-067A |
| Part of | International Space Station |
| Launch date | 20 November 1998, 06:40 UTC |
| Launch vehicle | Proton-K |
| Mass | 19,323 kg (42,600 lb)[a] |
| Length | 12.56 m (41.2 ft) |
| Diameter | 4.11 m (13.5 ft) |
| Pressurisedvolume | 71.5 m3 (2,520 cu ft)[2] |
| Configuration | |
_module.svg) Parts ofZarya[b] | |
Zarya (Russian:Заря,lit. 'Sunrise'[c]), also known as theFunctional Cargo Block (Russian:Функционально-грузовой блок), is the inaugural component of theInternational Space Station (ISS). Launched on 20 November 1998 atop aProton-K rocket, the module would serve as the ISS's primary source of power, propulsion, and guidance during its early years. As the station has grown,Zarya's role has transitioned primarily to storage, both internally and in its external fuel tanks.[4] A descendant of theTKS spacecraft used in theSalyut programme,Zarya was built in Russia but its construction was financed by the United States. Its name, meaning "sunrise," symbolizes the beginning of a new era of international space cooperation.[5]
The Zarya design was originally intended as a module for the RussianMir space station, but was not flown as of the end of the Mir program. A FGB cargo block was incorporated as an upper stage engine into thePolyus spacecraft, flown (unsuccessfully) on the firstEnergia launch.[6] With the end of the Mir program, the design was adapted to use for the International Space Station.
TheZarya module is capable ofstation keeping and provides sizable battery power; it was suggested to have initially been built to both power and control the recoil from a further derivation of the then classified Skif laser system/Polyus satellite. Commentators in the West thought that theZarya module was constructed more cheaply and lifted to orbit faster than should have been possible in the post-Soviet era, and that the FGB might have been largely constructed frommothballed hardware from the Skif laser program (which had been canceled after the failed 1987Polyus launch).[7]
The research and development of a similar design was paid for by Russia and the Soviet Union; the design of the module and all systems are Soviet/Russian. The United States fundedZarya through the U.S. prime contracts in the 1990s as the first module for ISS, and it was built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at theKhrunichev State Research and Production Space Center (KhSC) in Moscow.[8] The module was included as part of NASA's plan for the International Space Station (ISS) instead ofLockheed Martin's "Bus-1" option because it was significantly cheaper (US$220 million vs. $450 million). As part of the contract, Khrunichev constructed much of an identical module (referred to as "FGB-2") for contingency purposes. FGB-2 was proposed to be used for a variety of projects; it has been used to construct the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory ModuleNauka.[9]
Zarya has a mass of 19,323 kilograms (42,600 lb), is 12.56 meters (41.2 ft) long and 4.11 meters (13.5 ft) wide at its widest point.
The module has threedocking ports: one axially on the front end at the docking sphere, one on the Earth-facing side (nadir) of the docking sphere and one axially on the aft end.Attached to the forward port is thePressurized Mating AdapterPMA-1, which in turn is connected to theUnity Module – this is the connectionbetween theRussian Orbital Segment (ROS) and theUS Orbital Segment (USOS).Attached to the aft port is theZvezda Service Module. The lower port (nadir) was initially used by visitingSoyuz spacecraft andProgress spacecraft to dock to the ROS; TheRassvet module is now docked semipermanently on the nadir port ofZarya, and visiting spacecraft useRassvet's nadir docking port instead.[10] It was planned to install another zenith docking port in the docking sphere, however, after the design was changed, a spherical cover was welded in its place.[11]
Zarya has twosolar arrays measuring 10.67 by 3.35 meters (35.0 by 11.0 ft) and sixnickel-cadmium batteries that can provide an average of 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power – the solar arrays have been however partially retracted[12] so the P1/S1 radiators of theIntegrated Truss Structure could deploy. They are still generating some power, but not the average 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power, they once provided when they were fully unfurled.[13]Zarya has 16 external fuel tanks that can hold up to 6.1 tonnes (13,000 lb) of propellant (this requirement was mandated by NASA in early 1997 over concerns that theZvezda Service Module would be further delayed, hence the FGB had to be capable of independent propellant storage and transfer fromProgress spacecraft even withoutZvezda[14]).Zarya also has 24 large steering jets, 12 small steering jets, and two large engines that were used for reboost and major orbital changes; with the docking ofZvezda these are now permanently disabled. Since they are no longer needed forZarya's engines, Zarya's propellant tanks are now used to store additional fuel forZvezda.
Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998 on a RussianProton rocket fromBaikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km (250 mi) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. AfterZarya reached orbit,STS-88 launched on 4 December 1998 to attach theUnity module.
Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months,Zarya was required to do so for almost two years due to delays to the Russian Service Module,Zvezda.Zvezda was finally launched on 12 July 2000, docking withZarya on 26 July 2000.
Zarya passed the 50,000-orbit mark at 15:17 UTC on 14 August 2007 during theSTS-118 mission to the International Space Station.
| Spacecraft | Launch (UTC) | Carrier rocket | Launch pad | Docking | Undocking | Deorbit | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progress M1-4[15] | 16 November 2000 01:32:36 | Soyuz-U | Site 1/5 | 18 November 03:48 | 1 December 16:23 | 8 February 13:50 | ISS-2P. The automaticKurs docking system failed, and the manual backup,TORU, was used for the docking. Following undocking, Progress M1-4 spent 25 days in free flight, prior to redocking with the same port.[16] |
| 26 December 10:54 | 8 February 2001 11:26 | ||||||
| Progress M-64 | 14 May 2008 20:22:56 | Soyuz-U | Site 1/5 | 16 May 2008 21:39 | 1 September 2008 19:46 | 8 September 2008 21:33 | ISS-29P |
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.svg) | TKS spacecraft test missions |
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| VA spacecraft test flights | |||
| Functional Cargo Block (FGB) derived hardware | |||
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