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Zambales Mountains

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Coordinates:15°41′N120°05′E / 15.683°N 120.083°E /15.683; 120.083

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mountain range in Luzon

Zambales Mountains
The mountain range seen fromSan Narciso, Zambales
Highest point
Peak	Mount Tapulao (aka High Peak), Zambales
Elevation	2,037 m (6,683 ft)
Coordinates	15°28′51″N120°7′16″E / 15.48083°N 120.12111°E /15.48083; 120.12111
Dimensions
Length	180 km (110 mi) N-S
Geography
Zambales Mountains topographic map
Country	Philippines
Provinces	Zambales Pangasinan Bataan Tarlac Pampanga
Region	Central Luzon &Ilocos Region
Range coordinates	15°41′N120°05′E / 15.683°N 120.083°E /15.683; 120.083

TheZambales Mountains is amountain range in westernLuzon. The mountains spread along a north-south axis, separating Luzon's centralplain from theSouth China Sea. The range extends into fiveprovinces:Zambales,Pangasinan,Tarlac,Pampanga, andBataan. One of its most prominent sections is known as theCabusilan Mountain Range composed ofMount Pinatubo,Mount Negron andMount Cuadrado, which are believed to be remnants of the ancestral Pinatubo peak. The highest elevation in the Zambales Mountains isMount Tapulao, also known as High Peak, in Zambales province which rises to 2,037 metres (6,683 ft).

Extent

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The Zambales Mountains has an area of 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi)^[1] extending North to South from the mountains of westernPangasinan province, the whole length of Zambales, to tip of theBataan Peninsula in the south enclosingManila Bay.^[2] The mountain range also encompasses the mountains in the municipalities ofBamban,Capas,San Jose,San Clemente,Mayantoc,Santa Ignacia,Camiling in the province ofTarlac. InPampanga, it includes the mountains inFloridablanca,Porac,Angeles City andMabalacat.

Geology

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The Zambales Mountains includeJurassic toMiocene ophiolite massifs, overlain by more recent sedimentary formation, including the Cagaluan Formation and the Santa Cruz Formation.^[3]

Volcanoes

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Although the mountains are volcanic in origin,^[2]Mount Pinatubo is the only active volcano in the mountain range. Itseruption on June 15, 1991 was the second most powerful volcanic eruption of the 20th century after the 1912 eruption ofNovarupta in Alaska. The volcanic eruption, which was complicated by the arrival ofTyphoon Yunya, covered the region with thickvolcanic ash andlahar including the U.S. military base atClark Field nearAngeles City.^[4]

Other volcanoes in Zambales Mountains areMount Mariveles,Mount Natib andMount Samat.

Protected areas

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Peaks

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List of highest peaks

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Mount Tapulao 6,683 ft (2,037 m)
Mount Iba 5,430 ft (1,655 m)
Mount Negron 5,194 ft (1,583 m)
Mount Pinatubo 4,875 ft (1,486 m)
Mount Mariveles 4,554 ft (1,388 m)
Mount Cuadrado 4,344 ft (1,324 m)
Mount McDonald 4,334 ft (1,321 m)
Mount Natib 4,111 ft (1,253 m)
Mount Limay 2,984 ft (910 m)
Mount Dorst 2,785 ft (849 m)
Mount Samat 1,788 ft (545 m)
Mount Gates 1,663 ft (507 m)

River system

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"Pasig–Potrero River" redirects here and is not to be confused withPasig River.

Satellite image of the central portion of the range taken on November 19, 2020. Strikingly visible are thelahar-filledriver valleys radiating from the cyanMount Pinatubo crater lake.

List of rivers in Zambales Mountains by length.

Tarlac River 95.2 km (59.2 mi)
Camiling River 93 km (58 mi)
Pasig–Potrero River 75 km (47 mi)
Bucao River 48.3 km (30.0 mi)
Santo Tomas River 46.4 km (28.8 mi)

Deforestation

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The Zambales mountains have undergone immensedeforestation due to excessive logging andswidden farming.^[5] The1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo also devastated large areas of the range, mostly ancestral lands of the indigenousAetas in Zambales.^[6]Reforestation efforts have had success in some barren parts of the range, notably inSan Felipe, Zambales at the initiative of the Aeta people supported by MAD Travel and some government agencies.^[7]

Biodiversity

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Mammals

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TheZamabales forest mouse (Apomys zambalensis) is a species of small rodent endemic to Zambales Mountains in the Philippines.

TheTapulao forest mouse (Apomys brownorum) is a species of small rodent endemic to Mount Tapulao in the Philippines.

ThePinatubo forest mouse (Apomys sacobianus) is a species of small rodent endemic to Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.^[8]

TheTapulao tweezer-beaked rat (Rhynchomys tapulao) is a species of small rodent endemic to Mount Tapulao in the Philippines.^[9]

Gallery

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The Zambales Mountains is known for having pine trees,Pinus merkusii.^[10]
View fromMt. Tapulao overlooking theSouth China Sea in the distance
Mountainous barren landscape around the Camiling River watershed, Tarlac province
Upper Lawis River watershed, showing a jaggedridge
A trappedcivet in the Zambales Mountains that was later released

References

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^"Zambales Mountains". New Conservation Areas in the Philippines Project. Archived fromthe original on June 2, 2012. RetrievedOctober 10, 2021.
^^a ^bSmith, Warren D. (1913)."Journal of Geology, Vol. 21 – The Geology of Luzon, P.I.", pp. 39–40. University of Chicago, Department of Geology.
^Dimalanta, C. B.; Salapare, R. C.; Faustino-Eslava, D. V.; Ramos, N. T.; Queaño, K. L.; Yumul, G. P.; Yang, T. F. (2015). "Post-emplacement history of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex: Insights from petrography, geochronology and geochemistry of Neogene clastic rocks".Journal of Asian Earth Sciences.104:215–227.Bibcode:2015JAESc.104..215D.doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.07.021.
^McClelland, Lindsay, ed. (1991)."Report on Pinatubo (Philippines)".Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.16 (5).Smithsonian Institution.doi:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199105-273083. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024.
^Brechin, Steven R.; Wilshusen, Peter R.; Fortwangler, Crystal L.; West, Patrick C. (February 1, 2012).Contested Nature: Promoting International Biodiversity with Social Justice in the Twenty-first Century.State University of New York Press. p. 231.ISBN 978-0-7914-8654-2. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024.
^McDermott, Melanie J. (1991)."Review of After Duwagan: Deforestation, Succession and Adaptation in Upland Luzon, Philippines".Journal of Southeast Asian Studies.22 (2):432–435.ISSN 0022-4634. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024.
^Albano, Lou (July 25, 2024)."How the Aeta communities of San Felipe, Zambales came together to reforest their ancestral land".GMA News Online. Archived fromthe original on July 26, 2024. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024.
^Cite error: The named reference0006-324X-126-4-395 was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
^Balete, D. S.; Rickart, E. A.; Rosell-Ambal, R.G.B.; Jansa, S.; Heaney, L. R. (2007). "Descriptions of Two New Species ofRhynchomys Thomas (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) from Luzon Island, Philippines".Journal of Mammalogy.88 (2):287–301.doi:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-090R.1.JSTOR 4498659.
^Balete, Danilo S.; Heaney, Lawrence R.; Josefa Veluz, Maria; Rickart, Eric A. (November 2009)."Diversity patterns of small mammals in the Zambales Mts., Luzon, Philippines".Mammalian Biology.74 (6). Study area.doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2008.05.006. RetrievedNovember 4, 2024.