From the top to bottom-right, The Brugge Embankment, Main Square, Annunciation Orthodox cathedral, Republican Puppet Theatre, Obolensky-Nogotkov Square
Yoshkar-Ola (Mari andRussian:Йошкар-Ола) is thecapital city ofMari El,Russia. Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” inMari and was formerly known asTsarevokokshaysk (Царевококшайск) before 1919, asKrasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) between 1919 and 1927 both after theMalaya Kokshaga River andCharla (Чарла), by the Mari people.
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of the Mari-inhabited regions of theVolga and its tributaries. It is one of the centers of theMari people (especially of the Meadow Mari subgroup) and the administrative center of the Yoshkar-Ola city district.
Yoshkar-Ola was established as a military fortress in 1584, following the Russian conquest of theMari region.Yoshkar-Ola means “red city” inMari and before 1919 was known as Tsaryovokokshaysk (Царевококшайск), between 1919 and 1927 also as Krasnokokshaysk (Краснококшайск) both after theMalaya Kokshaga River and is known as Charla (Чарла) amongst the Mari people.
During theSoviet era, especially afterWorld War II, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size.
Thecollapse of the Soviet Union removed support forstate enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported byshuttle traders who would transport (oftencounterfeit) goods from the bustling markets ofMoscow to Yoshkar-Ola'sbazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia.[when?]
Yoshkar-Ola is located in the MSK time zone (Moscow time). The offset of the applicable time relative to UTC is +3:00 In accordance with the applicable time and longitude, the average solar noon in Yoshkar-Ola occurs at 11:48.
Yoshkar-Ola is linked to other cities and regions in Russia by a series of train and bus routes. The local train station is currently served by a daily train to and from the capitalMoscow with other short-service trains running to and fromKazan. Moscow and various other nearby towns and regions can also be reached by buses departing from the local bus station. TheYoshkar-Ola Airport is also located 9 km north of the city and handles small aircraftMoscow-bound flights (Vnukovo International Airport) since April 2012.
Destinations within the city limits can be reached through a network of buses, trolleys, and route taxis, ormarshrutkas.
Yoshkar-Ola has a prison colony, which came to international attention in September 2022 as the location of aWagner Group video in whichYevgeny Prigozhin promised convicts they would be released from prison if they served a six-month combat tour in thewar against Ukraine.[18]
The climate of Yoshkar-Ola is very similar to that ofNizhny Novgorod orKirov. The city is situated in a warm-summerhumid continental climate (KöppenDfb). The winters are long and cold with much snow and average January temperatures between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), and a record low of −47.3 °C (−53.1 °F). On the other hand, the city enjoys very warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry or rainy conditions with July as the hottest month, when the average high is +25 °C (77 °F), and temperatures may stay around +35 °C (95 °F) for weeks.
Climate data for Yoshkar-Ola (1991-2020, extremes 1936-present)
According to the2021 Census, Yoshkar-Ola has a population of 281,248 people, making it the 71st largest city in Russia. The urban area of the city is 291,892 people.
Following the2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of Yoshkar-Ola is:
There are also 30 schools for primary students aged between 7 and 18 and 52 kindergartens.Additionally, Yoshkar-Ola has many private educational centers offering different qualifications and trainings in such disciplines as foreign languages, computer science and many others.
24 июня 1995 г. «Конституция Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №21-З от 31 июля 2014 г. «О поправке 59 к Конституции Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу 7 июля 1995 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Марийская правда", 7 июля 1995 г. (June 24, 1995Constitution of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #21-Z of July 31, 2014On Amendment 59 to the Constitution of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of July 7, 1995 (with the exception of several clauses).).
Городское Собрание муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола". Решение №101-IV от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола"», в ред. Решения №186-VI от 23 сентября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола", принятый Решением городского Собрания муниципального образования "Город Йошкар-Ола" от 29 июня 2005 г. №101-IV». Вступил в силу 28 декабря 2005 г. Опубликован: "Йошкар-Ола" (спецвыпуск), 28 декабря 2005 г. (City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", as amended by the Decision #186-VI of September 23, 2015On Amending and Supplementing the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola", Adopted by the Decision #101-IV of June 29, 2005 by the City Assembly of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yoshkar-Ola". Effective as of December 28, 2005.).
Государственное Собрание Республики Марий Эл. Закон №22-З от 3 мая 2006 г. «О порядке решения вопросов административно-территориального устройства (деления) Республики Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №81, 6 мая 2006 г. (State Assembly of the Mari El Republic. Law #22-Z of May 3, 2006On the Procedures of the Administrative-Territorial Structure (Division) of the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of the official publication date.).
Государственный Совет Республики Марий Эл. Закон №15-З от 18 июня 2004 г. «О статусе, границах и составе муниципальных районов, городских округов в Республике Марий Эл», в ред. Закона №50-З от 31 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Марий Эл». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Марийская правда", №116, 24 июня 2004 г. (State Council of the Mari El Republic. Law #15-Z of June 18, 2004On the Status, Borders, and Composition of the Municipal Districts, Urban Okrugs in the Mari El Republic, as amended by the Law #50-Z of October 31, 2014On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Mari El Republic. Effective as of after 10 days after the official publication.).
Большая Российская энциклопедия (Great Russian Encyclopedia): В 30 т. / Председатель науч.-ред. совета Ю. С. Осипов. Отв. ред С. Л. Кравец. Т. 12. Исландия — Канцеляризмы. — М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 2008. — 767 с.
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