TheYavana Era, orYona (Prakrit:Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye)[2] was a computational era used in theIndian subcontinent from the 2nd century BCE for several centuries thereafter, probably starting in 174 BCE.[1][3] It was initially thought that the era started around 180-170 BCE, and corresponded to accession to theGreco-Bactrian throne ofEucratides, who solidified Hellenic presence in the Northern regions of India. The Greeks in India flourished under the reign of the illustrious,Menander - greatest of theYavana rulers, who campaigned as far asPataliputra inEastern India.[3] It is now equated with the formerly theorized "Old Śaka era".[1]
Harry Falk and others have suggested that the Yavana era actually started in 174 BCE, based on a reevaluation of theAzes era which is now thought to have started in 47/46 BCE.[4] The exact historical event corresponding to the creation of this Yavana era is uncertain, but it may mark the alliance ofAntimachos I andApollodotus I in topplingAgathokles, thereby creating a unified realm north and south of theHindu-Kush.[1]
The creation of specific eras is a well-known phenomenon marking great dynastical events, such as theSeleucid era (starting in 312 BCE, with the return ofSeleucus toBabylon), theArsacid Era inParthia (starting in 248/247 BCE), theAzes era inGandhara (starting in 47/46 BCE),[4] and theKanishka era, when he established his empire in 127 CE.[3][4]
It is now thought that theKushan kingKanishka I created his own era precisely 300 years after the Yavana era, and probably in reference to it, so that year 1 of Kanishka (127 CE) would correspond exactly to year 301 of the Yavana era.[1] Arguably, Kanishka wished to link his own rule to the rule of theIndo-Greeks, who for the first time had united the areas of Bactria and parts of ancient India.[1]
The Yavana era progressively fell into disuse after the creation of the Kanishka era, the Kanishka era being used exclusively in inscriptions on relic caskets from the 18th year of his reign, from 145 CE.[5] On statues of the Buddha, an inscription using the Yavana era is known fromGandhara as late as 209 CE (year 384 of the Yavana era), with the "Hashtnagar Buddha".[6]
AlthoughGreco-Bactrian orIndo-Greek kings generally did not put dates on their coins, some of themPlato (circa 140 BCE) andHeliocles uncharacteristically do so. Some of the coins of Plato have inscriptions such as MZ, MT, MN which can be interpreted as dates in theGreek numerals system using the Yavana era which started around 186 BCE. In that case Plato ruled around 140 BCE. This matches the dating given by numismaticianBopearachchi, who places Plato between 145–140 BCE, since his coins are not found in the ruins ofAi Khanoum, a Bactrian city which was destroyed during the reign of Eucratides.[7]
A recently discovered reliquary (published by Salomon in 2005) fromBajaur gives a triple dating which allows to clarify the relationship between several eras: it is dated to the 27th regnal year ofVijayamitra, a king of theIndo-ScythianApraca, the 73rd years of theAzes era, and the 201st year of the Greeks (Yonanas or Ionians).[3]
The inscription means that the Azes era started 128 years after the beginning of the Yavana era. At the time of the discovery, the Azes era being generally dated to 57 BCE, this implied that the Yavana era started in 185 BCE. It is now thought that the Yavana era actually started in 174 BCE, based on a reevaluation of theAzes era which is now thought to have started in 47/46 BCE.[4]
TheYavanarajya inscription was discovered inMathura,India in 1988. The inscription, carved on a block of redsandstone, is dated to the 1st century BCE, and is currently located at theMathura Museum in Mathura.[9][10] The inscription is important in that the Mathura sculptors mention the date of their dedication as "The last day of year 116 ofYavana hegemony (Yavanarajya)". It is considered that this inscription is attesting the control of theIndo-Greeks in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE in Mathura, a fact that is also confirmed by numismatic and literary evidence.[11] The new dates for the Yavana era (174 BCE) would give a date of 58 BCE for the Yavanarajya inscription, as 174 minus 116 equals 58.[4]
SeveralGandhara Buddha statues with dated inscriptions, are now thought to have been dated in the Yavana Era. One of the statues of the Buddha fromLoriyan Tangai has an inscription mentioning "the year 318". The era in question is not specified, but it is now thought, following the discovery of theBajaur reliquary inscription, that it is about the Yavana era beginning in 174 BCE, and gives a date for the Buddha statue of about 143 CE.[12]
The inscription at the base of the statue is:
sa 1 1 1 100 10 4 4 Prothavadasa di 20 4 1 1 1 Budhagosa danamu(khe) Saghorumasa sadaviyasa
"In year 318, the day 27 of Prausthapada, gift of Buddhaghosa, the companion of Samghavarma"
— Inscription of the Buddha of Loriyan Tangai.[12]
This would make it one of the earliest known representations of the Buddha, after theBimaran casket (1st century CE), and at about the same time as the Buddhist coins ofKanishka.[12]
The two devotees on the right side of the pedestal are inIndo-Scythian suit (loose trousers, tunic, and hood).[14] Their characteristic trousers appear clearly onclose-up pictures. The statue is now inIndian Museum ofCalcutta.[12]
Another statue of Buddha, the Buddha ofHashtnagar, is inscribed from the year 384, which is thought to be 209 CE. Only the pedestal is preserved in theBritish Museum, the statue itself, with folds of clothing having more relief than those of the Loriyan Tangai Buddha, having disappeared.[12]
