| Yana Яна / Дьааҥы | |
|---|---|
 The Yana flowing pastUst-Kuyga | |
 Basin of the Yana | |
  Mouth location inYakutia, Russia | |
| Location | |
| Country | Russia |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Confluence ofSartang andDulgalakh |
| • coordinates | 67°27′48″N133°15′06″E / 67.4634°N 133.2517°E /67.4634; 133.2517 |
| Mouth | |
• location | Laptev Sea |
• coordinates | 71°32′14″N136°39′11″E / 71.53722°N 136.65306°E /71.53722; 136.65306 |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 872 km (542 mi) |
| Basin size | 238,000 km2 (92,000 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 1,110 m3/s (39,000 cu ft/s) |
TheYana (Russian:Я́на,IPA:[ˈjanə];Yakut:Дьааҥы,romanized: Câñı) is a river inSakha inRussia, located between theLena to the west and theIndigirka to the east.
It is 872 kilometres (542 mi) long, and itsdrainage basin covers 238,000 square kilometres (92,000 sq mi).[1] Including its longest source river, theSartang, it is 1,492 km (927 mi) long.[2] Its annual discharge totals approximately 35 cubic kilometres (28,000,000 acre⋅ft). Most of this discharge occurs in May and June as the ice on the river breaks up. The Yana freezes up on the surface in October and stays under the ice until late May or early June. In theVerkhoyansk area, it stays frozen to the bottom for 70 to 110 days, and partly frozen for 220 days of the year.
The river begins at theconfluence of the riversSartang andDulgalakh in theYana-Oymyakon Highlands. It flows north across the vastYana-Indigirka Lowland, part of the greaterEast Siberian Lowland, shared with theIndigirka to the east. As the river flows into theYana Bay of theLaptev Sea, it forms a hugeriver delta covering 10,200 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi).[3]Yarok is a large flat island located east of the main mouths of the Yana.
There are approximately 40,000 lakes in the Yana basin, including both alpine lakes formed fromglaciation in theVerkhoyansk Mountains (lowlands were always too dry for glaciation) and overflow lakes on the marshy plains in the north of the basin. The whole Yana basin is undercontinuous permafrost and most islarch woodland grading totundra north of about 70°N, though trees extend into suitable microhabitats right to the delta.
Verkhoyansk,Batagay,Ust-Kuyga, andNizhneyansk are the main ports on the Yana.[3]
The Yana basin is the site of the so-calledPole of Cold of Russia, where the lowest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are found. In the winter, temperatures in the centre of the basin average as low as −51 °C (−60 °F) and have reached as low as −71 °C (−96 °F); in the mountains it is believed that temperatures have reached −82 °C (−116 °F).[citation needed]Yakutfolklore says that, at such temperatures, if you shout to a friend and they cannot hear you, it is because the words have frozen in the air. However, when spring comes the words "thaw" and one can hear everything that was said months ago.[citation needed]
The maintributaries of the Yana are theAdycha,Oldzho,Sartang andAbyrabyt from the right, and theDulgalakh,Bytantay,Tykakh andBaky from the left.[3] Most of these tributaries are short rivers flowing from the Verkhoyansk Mountains or theChersky Range, part of theEast Siberian Mountains.[4]
Evidence of modern human habitation was found in the delta at theYana RHS (Rhinoceros Horn Site) as early as 32,000 years ago. These people, designated as "Ancient North Siberians”,genetically diverged 38,000 years ago from Western Eurasians, soon after the Western Eurasians split from East Asians.[5]
In 1633–38Ilya Perfilyev and Ivan Rebrov sailed down the Lena and east along the Arctic coast to the mouth of the Yana and reached theIndigirka estuary. In 1636–42 Elisei Buza followed essentially the same route. In 1638–40, Poznik Ivanov ascended a tributary of the lower Lena, crossed the Verkhoyansk Range to the upper Yana and then crossed theChersky Range to the Indigirka.[6]
In 1892–1894Baron Eduard Von Toll, accompanied by expedition leaderAlexander von Bunge, carried out geological surveys in the basin of the Yana (among other Far-eastern Siberian rivers) on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences. During one year and two days the expedition covered 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi), of which 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi) were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.
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