| Xiao'erjing | |||||||||||||||
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 A Chinese–Arabic–Xiao'erjing dictionary | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 小兒經 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 小儿经 | ||||||||||||||
| Xiao'erjing | [1]ثِیَوْعَرݣٍْ | ||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | children's script | ||||||||||||||
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| Xiaojing | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 小經 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 小经 | ||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | minor script | ||||||||||||||
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| Xiaojing | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 消經 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 消经 | ||||||||||||||
| Xiao'erjing | [1]ثِیَوْݣٍْ | ||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | revised script | ||||||||||||||
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| Transliteration of Chinese |
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| Mandarin |
| Wu |
| Yue |
| Min |
| Gan |
| Hakka |
| Xiang |
| Polylectal |
| See also |
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| Part of aseries on Islam in China | ||||||
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 Islam portal • China portal | ||||||
Xiao'erjing (lit. 'children's script'), often shortened toXiaojing (lit. 'minor script', the 'original script'[a] being thePerso-Arabic script), is aPerso-Arabic script used to writeSinitic languages, includingLanyin Mandarin,Zhongyuan Mandarin,Northeastern Mandarin, andDungan.[2][3][4][5] It is used on occasion by manyethnic minorities who adhere toIslam in China—mostly theHui, but also theDongxiang and theSalar—and formerly by theirDungan descendants inCentral Asia. Orthographic reforms introduced theLatin script and later theCyrillic script to the Dungan language, which continue to be used today.
Xiao'erjing is written from right to left, like other Perso-Arabic writing systems.
Xiao'erjing is unusual among Arabic script-based writing systems in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly notated withdiacritics, making it anabugida. Some other Arabic-based writing systems in China, such as theUyghur Arabic alphabet, use letters and not diacritics to mark short vowels.
Xiao'erjing does not have a single, standard name. InShanxi,Hebei,Henan,Shandong, and easternShaanxi, as well as alsoBeijing,Tianjin and thenortheastern provinces, the script is referred to asXiǎo'érjīng, which when shortened becomesXiǎojīng orXiāojīng (the latterXiāo has the meaning of "to review" in the aforementioned regions). InNingxia,Gansu,Inner Mongolia,Qinghai, westernShaanxi and thenorthwestern provinces, the script is referred to asXiǎo'érjǐn. The Dongxiang people refer to it as the "Dongxiang script" or the "Huihui script"; The Salar refer to it as the "Salar script"; The Dungan of Central Asia used a variation of Xiao'erjing called the "Hui script", before being made to abandon the Arabic script forLatin andCyrillic. According to A. Kalimov, a famous Dungan linguist, the Dungan of the former Soviet Union called this scriptщёҗин (şjoⱬin,消經).
Since the arrival ofIslam inTang dynasty China beginning in the mid-7th century, many Arabic andPersian speaking people migrated into China. Centuries later, these peoples assimilated with the nativeHan Chinese, forming theHui ethnicity of today. Many Chinese Muslim students attendedmadrasas to studyClassical Arabic and theQur'an. Because these students had a very basic understanding ofChinese characters but would have a better command of the spoken tongue once assimilated, they started using the Arabic script for Chinese. This was often done by writing notes in Chinese to aid in the memorization ofsuras. This method was also used to write Chinese translations of Arabic vocabulary learned in the madrasas. Thus, a system of writing the Chinese language with Arabic script gradually developed and standardized to some extent. Currently, the oldest known artifact showing signs of Xiao'erjing is a stone stele in the courtyard ofDaxue Xixiang Mosque [de] inXi'an. The stele shows inscribed Qur'anic verses in Arabic as well as a short note of the names of the inscribers in Xiao'erjing. The stele was done in the year AH 740 in theIslamic calendar (between July 9, 1339, and June 26, 1340). Some old Xiao'erjing manuscripts (along with other rare texts including those fromDunhuang) are preserved in theInstitute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences inSt. Petersburg, Russia.
Xiao'erjing can be divided into two sets, the "Mosque system" and the "Daily system". The "Mosque system" is the system used by pupils andimams inmosques andmadrasahs. It contains much Arabic and Persian religious lexicon, and no usage of Chinese characters. This system is relatively standardised, and could be considered a truewriting system. The "Daily system" is the system used by the less educated for letters and correspondences on a personal level. Often simple Chinese characters are mixed in with the Arabic script, mostly discussing non-religious matters, and therewith relatively little Arabic and Persian loans. This practice can differ drastically from person to person. The system would be devised by the writer himself, with one's own understanding of the Arabic and Persian alphabets, mapped accordingly to one's own dialectal pronunciation. Often, only the letter's sender and the letter's receiver can understand completely what is written, while being very difficult for others to read. Unlike Hui Muslims in other areas of China, Muslims of the northwest provinces of Shaanxi and Gansu had no knowledge of theHan Kitab orLiterary Chinese, they used Xiao'erjing.[6] Xiao'erjing was used to annotate foreign language Islamic documents (in languages like Persian) using the Chinese language.[7]
Xiao'erjing was used mostly by Muslims who could not read Chinese characters. It was imperfect due to various factors. The differing Chinese dialects would require multiple different depictions with Xiao'erjing. Xiao'erjing cannot display thetones present in Chinese, syllable endings are indistinguishable, i.e.xi'an and xian.[8] Xiao'erjing was much simpler than Chinese characters for representing Chinese.[9]
In recent years, the usage of Xiao'erjing is nearing extinction due to the growing Chinese economy and the improvement of Chinese character education in rural parts of the country. Chinese characters, along with pinyin, have since replaced Xiao'erjing. Since the mid-1980s, there has been much scholarly work done within and outside China concerning Xiao'erjing. On-location research has been conducted and the users of Xiao'erjing have been interviewed. Written and printed materials of Xiao'erjing were also collected by researchers, the ones atNanjing University being the most comprehensive.Kazuhiko Machida [ja] is leading a project in Japan concerning Xiao'erjing.[10] Books are printed in Xiao'erjing.[11] In Arabic language Qur'ans, Xiao'erjing annotations are used to help women read.[12] Xiao'erjing is used to explain certain terms when used as annotations.[13] Xiao'erjing is also used to write Chinese language Qurans.[14][15]
ADachang Hui Imam, Ma Zhenwu, wrote a Qur'an translation into Chinese including Chinese characters and Xiao'erjing.[16]
Xiao'erjing has 31 letters, 4 of which are used to representvowel sounds. The 31 letters consists of 28 letters borrowed from Arabic, 4 letters borrowed from Persian along with 2 modified letters and 1 extra letter unique to Xiao'erjing.
Below table demonstrates the list of consonants, and cases in which two consonants represent the same initial, in thebopomofo order.[1]
| ب B b | پ P p | م M m | ف F f | د D d | ت / ط T t | ن N n | ل L l |
| ق G g | ک K k | ح / خ H h | ݣ (د)1 J j | ک (ٿ)2 Q q | ث X x | ج Zh zh | چ Ch ch |
| ش Sh sh | ژ / ر R r | ز / ظ Z z | ڞ C c | س / ص S s | ی Y y | و W w | ء / ا / ع Glottal |
Note:
Below is the list of initials and consonants used in Xiao'erjing.
| Symbol | Final–Medial–Initial | Standard Chinese | Bopomofo | Pinyin | Arabic | Persian | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  (ا) |  (ـا) | /a/[ɑ],[a] | ㄚ | a, a-, -a, -a- | [ʔ],[æː~aː],[ɑː] | [ʔ],[ɔ],[æ] | اَ (阿ā) | Vowel sound |
| 2 |  (ب) |  (ببب) | /p/[p],[b]- | ㄅ | b- | [b] | [b] | بَا (爸bà) | |
| 3 |  (پ) |  (پپپ) | /pʰ/[pʰ]- | ㄆ | p- | none | [p] | پُوَ (婆pó) | Borrowed from Persian |
| 4 |  (ت) |  (تتت) | /tʰ/[tʰ]- | ㄊ | t- | [t] | [t] | تَا (塔tǎ) | Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo |
| 5 |  (ث) |  (ثثث) | [tɕʰ]-,[ɕ]- | ㄑ、ㄒ | x- | [θ] | [s] | ثِیَ (些xiē) | Historically, manuscripts have also used س and ش |
| 6 |  (ج) |  (ججج) | /ʈ͡ʂ/[ʈ͡ʂ],[ɖ͡ʐ] | ㄓ | zh- | [dʒ]|[ɡ] | [dʒ] | جَ (这/這zhè) | Sound change occurs when representing Chinese |
| 7 |  (چ) |  (چچچ) | /ʈ͡ʂʰ/[ʈ͡ʂʰ] | ㄔ | ch- | none | [tʃ] | چَ (车/車chē) | Borrowed from Persian |
| 8 |  (ح) |  (ححح) | /x/[x]- | ㄏ | h- | [ħ] | [h] | حَ (河hé) | Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -e, -ei, -en, -eng |
| 9 |  (خ) |  (خخخ) | /x/[x]- | ㄏ | h- | [x] | [x] | خُ (湖hú) | Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -e, -ei, -en, -eng |
| 10 |  (د) |  (د) | /t/[t],[d]-;[tɕ]- | ㄉ | d- | [d] | [d] | دٍ (钉/釘dīng) | Used by some manuscripts to represent a few syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initial j-. More commonly "ݣ" was used |
| 11 |  (ر) |  (ر) | /ɻ/[ɻ],[ʐ]- | ㄖ | r- | [r] | [ɾ] | رٍ (仍réng) | Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -eng, -un, -uo |
| /ɻ/ -[ɻ] | ㄦ | -r | عَر (二èr) | Represents the rhotic final -r sound | |||||
| 12 |  (ز) |  (ز) | /ʦ/[t͡s],[d͡z]- | ㄗ | z- | [z] | [z] | زَیْ (在zài) | Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ong, -ui, -un, -uo "ذ" is used by some manuscripts instead |
| 13 |  (ژ) |  (ژ) | /ɻ/[ɻ],[ʐ]- | ㄖ | r- | none | [ʒ] | ژَ (热/熱rè) | Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -eng, -un, -uo |
| 14 |  (س) |  (سسس) | /s/[s]-,[ɕ]- | ㄙ | s- | [s] | [s] | سِْ (四sì) | Used before syllable with all Hanyu Pinyin finals except for -ua, -ui, -un, -uo. Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x- |
| 15 |  (ش) |  (ششش) | /ʂ/[ʂ]-,[ɕ]- | ㄕ | sh- | [ʃ] | [ʃ] | شِ (是shì) | Historically, manuscripts have also used this letter for Hanyu Pinyin initial x- |
| 16 |  (ص) |  (صصص) | /s/[s]- | ㄙ | s- | [sˤ]|[sˠ] | [s] | صُوِ (岁/歲suì) | Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ua, -ui, -un, -uo |
| 17 |  (ڞ) |  (ڞڞڞ) | /ʦʰ/[t͡sʰ]- | ㄘ | c- | none | none | ڞَ (册/冊cè) | |
| 18 |  (ط) |  (ططط) | /t/[t],[d]-;[tɕ]- | ㄉ | t- | [tˤ]|[tˠ] | [t] | طٌ (吞tūn) | Used before syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -uan, -ui, -un, -uo |
| 19 |  (ظ) |  (ظظظ) | /ʦ/[t͡s],[d͡z]- | ㄗ | z- | [ðˤ]|[ðˠ] | [z] | ظُوَ (作zuò) | Sound change occurs when representing Chinese. Used before syllable with the Hanyu Pinyin finals -ong, -ui, -un, -uo |
| 20 |  (ع) |  (ععع) | /ə/ | ㄜ, ㄦ, ㄛ, ㄡ | e, er, o, ou | [ʕ] | [ʔ] | عَ (恶/惡è) | A vowel when representing Chinese, but considered aconsonant when representing Arabic and Persian loans |
| 21 |  (ف) |  (ففف) | /f/[f]- | ㄈ | f- | [f] | [f] | فِ (废/廢fèi) | |
| 22 |  (ق) |  (ققق) | /k/[k],[ɡ]- | ㄍ | g- | [q] | [ɣ~ɢ],[q] | قْ (个/個ge) | Sound change occurs when representing Chinese |
| 23 |  (ک) |  (ککک) | /kʰ/[kʰ]- | ㄎ | k- | none | [k] | کْ (可kě) | |
| [tɕʰ]- | ㄑ | q- | کِیٌ (穷/窮qióng) | Historically, inLinxia manuscripts,ٿ is more commonly used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation[1] | |||||
| 24 |  (ݣ) |  (ݣݣݣ) | [tɕ]- | ㄐ | j- | none | none | ڭِیُوَ (脚/腳jiǎo) | Used in most manuscripts to represent "j-". Some manuscripts drop the three dots and simply use "ک"[1] |
| 25 |  (ل) |  (للل) | /l/[l]- | ㄌ | l- | [l] | [l] | لِ (里lǐ) | |
| 26 |  (م) |  (ممم) | /m/[m]- | ㄇ | m- | [m] | [m] | مِ (秘mì) | |
| 27 |  (ن) |  (ننن) | /n/[n]- | ㄋ | n- | [n] | [n] | نِ (你nǐ) | |
| 28 |  (و) |  (و) | /u/[u],[ʊ] | ㄨ | wu, wa, wai, wang, wan, wei, wen, weng, wo, u-, -u, -u- | [w],[uː] | [v],[u],[o],[ow] | وُ (无/無wú) | Vowel sound |
| 29 |  (ی) |  (ییی) | /i/[i],[ɪ] | ㄧ | yi, i-, -i, -i- | [j],[iː],[æː~ɑː] | [j],[i],[e] | یَا (呀ya) | Borrowed from Persian and a vowel sound.(SeePerso-Arabicye) |
| 30 |  (ء) | (ء) | [i],[ɪ],[ɥ] | ㄩ | yi, yin, yun | [ʔ] | [ʔ] | ءٌ (孕yùn) |
The consonants in this list are either lesser used alternatives used in regional varieties of Xiao'erjing, or they are common Arabic or Persian letters that are exclusively used for writing loan words in Xiao'erjing texts.
| Symbol | Final–Medial–Initial | Standard Mandarin pronunciation | Bopomofo | Hanyu Pinyin | Arabic pronunciation | Persian pronunciation | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  (ٿ) |  (ٿٿٿ) | [tɕʰ]- | ㄑ | q- | none | none | ٿِیٌ (穷/窮qióng) | Unique Xiao'erjing letter. Historically, inLinxia manuscripts, this letter instead ofک was used to represent Hanyu Pinyin initial q-, to more closely match the local dialect's pronunciation[1] |
| 2 |  (ذ) |  (ذ) | /ʦ/[t͡s],[d͡z]- | ㄗ | z- | [ð] | [z] | ذَیْ (在zài) | Some manuscripts use this letter instead ofز |
| 3 |  (ض) |  (ضضض) | none | none | [dˤ] | [z] | الْضَّاد (letterḍād) | Only used with Arabic loans | |
| 4 |  (غ) |  (غغغ) | none | none | [ɣ]|[ʁ] | [ɣ~ɢ] | غَبْن (criminal fraud) | Only used with Arabic loans | |
| 5 |  (گ) |  (گگگ) | none | ㄍ | none | none | [ɡ] | گنج (treasure) | Borrowed from Persian and only used with Persian loans |
| 6 |  (ه) |  (ههه) | /x/[x]- | ㄏ | h- | [h] | [h],[ɛ],[æ] | الهواء (air) | Only used with Persian and Arabic loans |
Below is the list of final and vowel endings in each syllable representing eachHanzi in Xiao'erjing.[1][17]
| Script | Standard Chinese pronunciation | Bopomofo | Hanyu Pinyin | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | [ɑ] | ㄚ | a | اَ (阿ā) | |
| 2 |  | -[ɑ] | ㄚ | -a | دَا (大dà) | |
| 3 |  | [aɪ] | ㄞ | ai | اَیْ (爱/愛ài) | |
| 4 |  | -[aɪ] | ㄞ | -ai | كَیْ (凯/凱kǎi) | |
| 5 |  | [an] | ㄢ | an | اً (安ān) | |
| 6 |  | -[an] | ㄢ | -an | دًا (但dàn) | |
| 7 |  | [ɑŋ] | ㄤ | ang | اَنْ (昂áng) | |
| 8 |  | -[ɑŋ] | ㄤ | -ang | قَانْ (刚/剛gāng) | |
| 9 |  | [aʊ] | ㄠ | ao | اَوْ (奥/奧ào) | |
| 10 |  | -[aʊ] | ㄠ | -ao | قَوْ (高gāo) | |
| 11 |  | [ə]|[ɤ] | ㄜ | e | عَ (恶/惡è) | |
| 12 |  | -[ə]|[ɤ] | ㄜ | -e | دْ (德dé) | For Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, g-, k, t- |
 | ڞَ (册/冊cè) | For other Hanyu Pinyin initials | ||||
| 13 | none | [eɪ] | ㄟ | ei | none | Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing |
| 14 |  | -[eɪ] | ㄟ | -ei | مُوِ (玫méi） | For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, l-, m-, n-, p- |
 | فِ (飞/飛fēi） | For other Hanyu Pinyin initials Arabic diacritic ﹾ is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided | ||||
 | دِْ (得děi) | |||||
| 15 |  | [ən] | ㄣ | en | عٍ (恩ēn) | |
| 16 |  | -[ən] | ㄣ | -en | مٌ (们/們mén) | For Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, f-, m-, n-, p- |
 | قٍ (根gēn) | For other Hanyu Pinyin initials | ||||
| 17 | none | [əŋ] | ㄥ | eng | none | Rare, no representation in Xiao'erjing |
| 18 | | -[ɤŋ] | ㄥ | -eng | رٍ (仍réng) | Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial r- |
 | قٍْ (更gèng) | For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials | ||||
| 19 |  | [ɑɻ] | ㄦ | er | عَر (儿/兒er) | |
| 20 |  | -[ɻ] | ㄦ | -r | لِر (粒儿/粒兒lìr) | Represents the rhotic final -r sound |
| 21 |  | [i] | ㄧ | yi | ءِ (意yì) | |
| 22 | | -[i] / -[ɯ] / -[ɨ] | ㄧ | -i | سِْ (四sì) | Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s- |
| کِ (其qí) | For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials | ||||
| 23 |  | [iɑ] | ㄧㄚ | ya | یَا (呀ya) | |
| 24 |  | -[iɑ] | ㄧㄚ | -ia | ݣِیَا (家jiā) | Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, j-, q-, x-, l- |
| 25 |  | [iɛn] | ㄧㄢ | yan | یًا (严/嚴yán) | |
| 26 |  | -[iɛn] | ㄧㄢ | -ian | لِیًا (练/練liàn) | |
| 27 |  | [iɑŋ] | ㄧㄤ | yang | یَانْ (羊yáng) | |
| 28 |  | -[iɑŋ] | ㄧㄤ | -iang | لِیَانْ (良liáng) | |
| 29 |  | [iaʊ] | ㄧㄠ | yao | یَوْ (要yào) | |
| 30 |  | -[iaʊ] | ㄧㄠ | -iao | ݣِیَوْ (教jiào) | |
| 31 |  | [iɛ] | ㄧㄝ | ye | یِ (耶yē) | |
| 32 |  | -[iɛ] | ㄧㄝ | -ie | ݣِیَ (解jiě) | |
| 33 |  | [in] | ㄧㄣ | yin | ءٍ (因yīn) | |
| 34 | | -[in] | ㄧㄣ | -in | کٍ (勤qín) | |
| 35 |  | [iŋ] | ㄧㄥ | ying | یٍْ (应/應yīng) | |
| 36 | | -[iŋ] | ㄧㄥ | -ing | تٍ (圢tǐng) | After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials d-, t- |
| ݣٍْ (汫jǐng) | After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- | ||||
 | پِیٍٔ (平píng) | After syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, n-, l- | ||||
| 37 |  | [yʊŋ] | ㄩㄥ | yong | یٌ (用yòng) | |
| 38 |  or | -[yʊŋ] | ㄩㄥ | -iong | کِیٌ (穷/窮qióng) | Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- |
| 39 |  | [iəʊ]|[iɤʊ] | ㄧㄡ | you | یِوْ (有yǒu) | |
| 40 |  | -[iəʊ]|[iɤʊ] | ㄧㄡ | -iu | نِیُوْ (牛niú) | |
| 41 |  | [o] | ㄛ | o | عِو (哦ó) | |
| 42 | | -[ʊŋ] | ㄨㄥ | -ong | سٌ (讼/訟sòng) | Only for Hanyu Pinyin initial s-, r- |
| خْو (宏hóng) | For all other Hanyu Pinyin initials | ||||
| 43 |  | [əʊ]|[ɤʊ] | ㄡ | ou | عِوْ (偶ǒu) | |
| 44 |  | -[əʊ]|[ɤʊ] | ㄡ | -ou | كِوْ (口kǒu) | |
| 45 |  | [u] | ㄨ | wu | وُ (无/無wú) | |
| 46 |  | -[u] | ㄨ | -u | کُ (苦kǔ) | Arabic letter و is added to letters that don't connect to the following letter, so that the confusion of reading two characters as one syllable can be avoided |
.png) | زُو (足zú) | |||||
| 47 |  | [uɑ] | ㄨㄚ | wa | وَا (娃wá) | |
| 48 |  | -[uɑ] | ㄨㄚ | -ua | قُوَا (刮guā) | |
| 49 |  | [uaɪ] | ㄨㄞ | wai | وَیْ (歪wāi) | |
| 50 |  | -[uaɪ] | ㄨㄞ | -uai | كُوَیْ (块/塊kuài) | |
| 51 |  | [uan]|[wan] | ㄨㄢ | wan | وًا (万/萬wàn) | |
| 52 |  | -[uan] | ㄨㄢ | -uan | كُوًا (宽/寬kuān) | |
| 53 |  | [uɑŋ]|[wɑŋ] | ㄨㄤ | wang | وَانْ (忘wàng) | |
| 54 |  | -[uɑŋ] | ㄨㄤ | -uang | کُوَانْ (况/況kuàng) | |
| 55 |  | [ueɪ] | ㄨㄟ | wei | وِ (为/為wèi) | |
| 56 | | -[ueɪ] | ㄨㄟ | -ui | خُوِ (回huí) | |
| 57 |  | [uən]|[wən] | ㄨㄣ | wen | وٌ (问/問wèn) | |
| 58 | | -[uən] | ㄨㄣ | -un | کٌ (困kùn) | |
| 59 |  | [uɤŋ]|[wɤŋ] | ㄨㄥ | weng | وٍْ (翁wēng) | |
| 60 |  | [uə] | ㄨㄛ | wo | وَ (我wǒ) | |
| 61 |  | -[uə] | ㄨㄛ | -uo | قُوَ (国/國guó) | |
| -o | بُوَ (拨/撥bō) | Hanyu Pinyin initials b-, p-, m-, f- | ||||
| 62 |  | [y] | ㄩ | yu | یُوِ (与/與yǔ) | |
| 63 |  | -[y] | ㄩ | -ü, -u | نِیُوِ (女nǚ) | Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n- |
| 64 |  | [yɛn] | ㄩㄢ | yuan | یُوًا (源yuán) | |
| 65 |  | -[yɛn] | ㄩㄢ | -uan | ݣِیُوًا (捐juān) | Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- |
| 66 |  | [yɛ] | ㄩㄝ | yue | یُوَ (约/約yuē) | |
| 67 |  | -[yɛ] | ㄩㄝ | -üe, -ue | ݣِیُوَ (决/決jué) | Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x-, l-, n- |
| 68 |  | [yn] | ㄩㄣ | yun | ءٌ (孕yùn) | |
| 69 | | -[yn] | ㄩㄣ | -un | کٌ (均jūn) | Limited to syllables with the Hanyu Pinyin initials j-, q-, x- |
) can be omitted when representing Arabic and Persian loans, it cannot be omitted when representing Chinese. The exception being that of oft-used monosyllabic words which can have the sukun omitted from writing. For example, when emphasised, "的" and "和" are written as (دِ) and (حـَ); when unemphasised, they can be written with the sukuns as (دْ) and (حـْ), or without the sukuns as (د) and (حـ).
), the kasratan (
), or the dammatan (
) in manuscripts.In polysyllabic words, the final 'alif (ـا) that represents the long vowel -ā can be omitted and replaced by a fatḥah (
) representing the short vowel -ă.
| Organized alphabetically | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| A | |||
| a —اَ | ai —اَیْ | an —اً | ang —اَنْ |
| ao —اَوْ | |||
| B | |||
| ba —بَا | bai —بَیْ | ban —بًا | bang —بَانْ |
| bao —بَوْ | bei —بُوِ | ben —بٌ | beng —بٍْ |
| bi —بِ | bian —بِیًا | biao —بِیَوْ | bie —بِیَ |
| bin —بٍ | bing —بِیٍٔ | bo —بُوَ | bu —بُ |
| C | |||
| ca —ڞَا | cai —ڞَیْ | can —ڞًا | cang —ڞَانْ |
| cao —ڞَوْ | ce —ڞَ | cen —ڞٍ | ceng —ڞٍْ |
| ci —ڞِ | cong —ڞْو | cou —ڞِوْ | cu —ڞُ |
| cuan —ڞُوًا | cui —ڞُوِ | cun —ڞٌ | cuo —ڞُوَ |
| CH | |||
| cha —چَا | chai —چَیْ | chan —چًا | chang —چَانْ |
| chao —چَوْ | che —چَ | chen —چٍ | cheng —چٍْ |
| chi —چِ | chong —چْو | chou —چِوْ | chu —چُ |
| chuai —چُوَیْ | chuan —چُوًا | chuang —چُوَانْ | chui —چُوِ |
| chun —چٌ | chuo —چُوَ | ||
| D | |||
| da —دَا | dai —دَیْ | dan —دًا | dang —دَانْ |
| dao —دَوْ | de —دْ | dei —دِْ | deng —دٍْ |
| di —دِ | dia —دِیَا | dian —دِیًا | diao —دِیَوْ |
| die —دِیَ | ding —دٍ | diu —دِیُوْ | dong —دْو |
| dou —دِوْ | du —دُو | duan —دُوًا | dui —دُوِ |
| dun —دٌ | duo —دُوَ | ||
| E | |||
| e —عَ | er —عَر | ||
| F | |||
| fa —فَا | fan —فًا | fang —فَانْ | fei —فِ |
| fen —فٌ | feng —فٍْ | fo —فُوَ | fou —فِوْ |
| fu —فُ | |||
| G | |||
| ga —قَا | gai —قَیْ | gan —قًا | gang —قَانْ |
| gao —قَوْ | ge —قْ | gei —قِ | gen —قٍ |
| geng —قٍْ | gong —قْو | gou —قِوْ | gu —قُ |
| gua —قُوَا | guai —قُوَیْ | guan —قُوًا | guang —قُوَانْ |
| gui —قُوِ | gun —قٌ | guo —قُوَ | |
| H | |||
| ha —خَا | hai —خَیْ | han —خًا | hang —خَانْ |
| hao —خَوْ | he —حَ | hei —حِ | hen —حٍ |
| heng —حٍْ | hong —خْو | hou —خِوْ | hu —خُ |
| hua —خُوَا | huai —خُوَیْ | huan —خُوًا | huang —خُوَانْ |
| hui —خُوِ | hun —خٌ | huo —خُوَ | |
| J | |||
| ji —ݣِ | jia —ݣِیَا | jian —ݣِیًا | jiang —ݣِیَانْ |
| jiao —ݣِیَوْ | jie —ݣِیَ | jin —ݣٍ | jing —ݣٍْ |
| jiong —ݣِیٌ | jiu —ݣِیُوْ | ju —ݣِیُوِ | juan —ݣِیُوًا |
| jue —ݣِیُوَ | jun —ݣٌ | ||
| K | |||
| ka —کَا | kai —کَیْ | kan —کًا | kang —کَانْ |
| kao —کَوْ | ke —کْ | ken —کٍ | keng —کٍْ |
| kong —کْو | kou —کِوْ | ku —کُ | kua —کُوَا |
| kuai —کُوَیْ | kuan —کُوًا | kuang —کُوَانْ | kui —کُوِ |
| kun —کٌ | kuo —کُوَ | ||
| L | |||
| la —لَا | lai —لَیْ | lan —لًا | lang —لَانْ |
| lao —لَوْ | le —لَ | lei —لُوِ | leng —لٍْ |
| li —لِ | lia —لِیَا | lian —لِیًا | liang —لِیَانْ |
| liao —لِیَوْ | lie —لِیَ | lin —لٍ | ling —لِیٍٔ |
| liu —لِیُوْ | long —لْو | lou —لِوْ | lu —لُ |
| lü —لِیُوِ | luan —لُوًا | lüe —لِیُوَ | lun —لٌ |
| luo —لُوَ | |||
| M | |||
| ma —مَا | mai —مَیْ | man —مًا | |
| mang —مَانْ | mao —مَوْ | me —مَ | mei —مُوِ |
| men —مٌ | meng —مٍْ | mi —مِ | mian —مِیًا |
| miao —مِیَوْ | mie —مِیَ | min —مٍ | ming —مِیٍٔ |
| miu —مِیُوْ | mo —مُوَ | mou —مِوْ | mu —مُ |
| N | |||
| na —نَا | nai —نَیْ | nan —نًا | |
| nang —نَانْ | nao —نَوْ | ne —نَ | nei —نُوِ |
| nen —نٌ | neng —نٍْ | ni —نِ | |
| nian —نِیًا | niang —نِیَانْ | niao —نِیَوْ | nie —نِیَ |
| nin —نٍ | ning —نِیٍٔ | niu —نِیُوْ | nong —نْو |
| nu —نُ | nü —نِیُوِ | nuan —نُوًا | nüe —نِیُوَ |
| nuo —نُوَ | |||
| O | |||
| o —عِو | ou —عِوْ | ||
| P | |||
| pa —پَا | pai —پَیْ | pan —پًا | pang —پَانْ |
| pao —پَوْ | pei —پُوِ | pen —پٌ | peng —پٍْ |
| pi —پِ | pian —پِیًا | piao —پِیَوْ | pie —پِیَ |
| pin —پٍ | ping —پِیٍٔ | po —پُوَ | pou —پِوْ |
| pu —پُ | |||
| Q | |||
| qi —کِ (ٿِ) | qia —کِیَا (ٿِیَا) | qian —کِیًا (ٿِیًا) | qiang —کِیَانْ (ٿِیَانْ) |
| qiao —کِیَوْ (ٿِیَوْ) | qie —کِیَ (ٿِیَ) | qin —کٍ (ٿٍ) | qing —کٍْ (ٿٍْ) |
| qiong —کِیٌ (ٿِیٌ) | qiu —کِیُوْ (ٿِیُوْ) | qu —کِیُوِ (ٿِیُوِ) | quan —کِیُوًا (ٿِیُوًا) |
| que —کِیُوَ (ٿِیُوَ) | qun —کٌ (ٿٌ) | ||
| R | |||
| ran —ژًا | rang —ژَانْ | rao —ژَوْ | re —ژَ |
| ren —ژٍ | reng —ژٍْ | ri —ژِ | rong —ژٌ |
| rou —ژِوْ | ru —ژُو | ruan —ژُوًا | rui —ژُوِ |
| run —ژٌ | ruo —ژُوَ | ||
| S | |||
| sa —سَا | sai —سَیْ | san —سًا | sang —سَانْ |
| sao —سَوْ | se —سَ | sen —سٍ | seng —سٍْ |
| si —سِْ | song —سٌ | sou —سِوْ | su —سُ |
| suan —صُوًا | sui —صُوِ | sun —صٌ | suo —صُوَ |
| SH | |||
| sha —شَا | shai —شَیْ | shan —شًا | shang —شَانْ |
| shao —شَوْ | she —شَ | shei —شُوِ | shen —شٍ |
| sheng —شٍْ | shi —شِ | shou —شِوْ | shu —شُ |
| shua —شُوَا | shuai —شُوَیْ | shuan —شُوًا | shuang —شُوَانْ |
| shui —شُوِ | shun —شٌ | shuo —شُوَ | |
| T | |||
| ta —تَا | tai —تَیْ | tan —تًا | tang —تَانْ |
| tao —تَوْ | te —تْ | teng —تٍْ | |
| ti —تِ | tian —تِیًا | tiao —تِیَوْ | tie —تِیَ |
| ting —تٍ | tong —طْو | tou —تِوْ | tu —تُ |
| tuan —طُوًا | tui —طُوِ | tun —طٌ | tuo —طُوَ |
| W | |||
| wa —وَا | wai —وَیْ | wan —وًا | wang —وَانْ |
| wei —وِ | wen —وٌ | weng —وٍْ | wo —وَ |
| wu —وُ | |||
| X | |||
| xi —ثِ | xia —ثِیَا | xian —ثِیًا | xiang —ثِیَانْ |
| xiao —ثِیَوْ | xie —ثِیَ | xin —ثٍ | xing —ثٍْ |
| xiong —ثِیٌ | xiu —ثِیُوْ | xu —ثِیُوِ | xuan —ثِیُوًا |
| xue —ثِیُوَ | xun —ثٌ | ||
| Y | |||
| ya —یَا | yan —یًا | yang —یَانْ | yao —یَوْ |
| ye —یَ | yi —ءِ | yin —ءٍ | ying —یٍ |
| yong —یٌ | you —یُوْ | yu —یُوِ | yuan —یُوًا |
| yue —یُوَ | yun —ءٌ | ||
| Z | |||
| za —زَا | zai —زَیْ | zan —زًا | zang —زَانْ |
| zao —زَوْ | ze —زَ | zei —زِْ | zen —زٍ |
| zeng —زٍْ | zi —زِ | zong —ظْو | zou —زِوْ |
| zu —زُو | zuan —زُوًا | zui —ظُوِ | zun —ظٌ |
| zuo —ظُوَ | |||
| ZH | |||
| zha —جَا | zhai —جَیْ | zhan —جًا | zhang —جَانْ |
| zhao —جَوْ | zhe —جَ | zhei —جُوِ | zhen —جٍ |
| zheng —جٍْ | zhi —جِ | zhong —جْو | zhou —جِوْ |
| zhu —جُ | zhua —جُوَا | zhuai —جُوَیْ | zhuan —جُوًا |
| zhuang —جُوَانْ | zhui —جُوِ | zhun —جٌ | zhuo —جُوَ |
Article 1 of theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights in Xiao'erjing, as well as simplified and traditional Chinese characters, pinyin, and English:
「人人生而自由，在尊嚴和權利上一律平等。他們賦有理性和良心，並應兄弟關係的精神互相對待。」
Below is the first sura (chapter) of the Quran,Al-Fatiha, its original Arabic text, English translation, as well as the Chinese translation inSimplified Chinese characters and in Xiao'erjing, as published (un-edited) in 1995 by Ma Zhenwu (马振武).[18]
In the Xiao'erjing version of this sura, the author may have made minor choices about characters and pronunciations that may differ from what's shown in this article, and they may even have minor inconsistencies in the text itself. Furthermore, as is the tradition for Xiao'erjing texts, there are instances where Arabic or Persian loanwords are used and written directly, these are shown in bold. It's noteworthy to mention that in this document, theHanzi characters are written from right to left, following the flow of the Arabic text of the Quran and the Xiao'erjing translation.
| English translation | Simplified Characters | Pinyin | Xiao'erjing | Al-Fatiha Arabic original |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1. In the name of Allāh, the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful! | 1. 〈我〉凭着普慈〈今世的，独慈〉，后世的，主的尊名、〈起〉 | 1. 〈Wǒ〉 píng zhe pǔ cí 〈jīn shì de, dú cí〉, hòu shì de, zhǔ de zūn míng,〈qǐ〉 | ١-<وَ> پِئٍ جَوْ پُو ژِ <ݣِئٍ شِ> دِ دُ ژِ <خْخُوشِ> دِ جُو دِ ظُوٌ مٍ«اِبْتِدَاءُ» | ١-بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ |
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