Wizards of the Coast LLC (WotC/ˈwɒtˌsiː/ orWizards) is an American gamepublisher, most of which are based onfantasy andscience-fiction themes, and formerly an operator of retail game stores. In 1999, toy manufacturerHasbro acquired the company and currently operates it as a subsidiary.[1][2][3] During a February 2021 reorganization of Hasbro, WotC became the lead part of a new division called "Wizards & Digital".[4][5]
Wizards of the Coast (WotC) was founded byPeter Adkison in 1990 outside ofSeattle, Washington,[9] and its current headquarters is located in nearbyRenton.[10] The company was named after a guild of wizards in arole-playing game (RPG) Adkison was playing.[8] The company published RPGs such as the third edition ofTalislanta and its own productThe Primal Order (1992).[9]The Primal Order was a supplement designed for use with any game system,[11] butPalladium Books sued WotC for using references to Palladium's game and system.[12] The suit was settled in 1993.[13]
In 1991,Richard Garfield approached WotC with the idea for a new board game calledRoboRally but Adkison rejected it because the game would have been too expensive to produce.[14] Adkison asked Garfield if he could invent a game that was portable and quick-playing, and Garfield agreed.[14][15]
Adkison set up a new corporation called Garfield Games to develop Garfield'scollectible card game concept intoMagic: The Gathering. The new company sheltered the game from the legal battle with Palladium. Garfield Games then licensed the production and sale rights to WotC until the court case was settled, at which point Garfield Games was shut down. WotC debutedMagic: The Gathering in July 1993 atOrigins Game Fair inDallas.[12] The following month, the game was extremely popular atGen Con, selling out of its supply of 2.5 million cards, which had been planned to last until the end of the year.[14] The game's success generated revenue that grew the company in two years from a few employees working in Adkison's basement headquarters to 250 employees in its own offices.[13] In 1994,Magic: The Gathering won theMensa Top Five Mind Games award,[16] and theOrigins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board Game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game of 1993.[17]
In 1994, WotC began an association with The Beanstalk Group, a brand-licensing agency and consultancy, to license the brandMagic: The Gathering.[18] After the success ofMagic: The Gathering, in 1994, WotC publishedRoboRally, which won the 1994 Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board Game and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game.[19] Also in 1994, WotC also expanded its RPG line by buyingSLA Industries fromNightfall Games andArs Magica fromWhite Wolf.[13] In 1995, WotC publishedThe Great Dalmuti, another card game by Richard Garfield, which won the 1995 Mensa Best New Mind Game award.[20] In August 1995, WotC releasedEverway before closing its RPG product line four months later. In 1995, Wizards' annual sales passed US$65 million.[21]
Wizards of the Coast announced the purchase ofTSR, the makers ofDungeons & Dragons, on April 10, 1997.[13][22][23] WotC acquired TSR andFive Rings Publishing Group for $25 million.[24] As part of the sale, TSR employees were offered an opportunity to relocate from Wisconsin to the west coast.[25][23] WotC continued using the brand name TSR until 2000 and allowed the trademark to expire in 2004.[26] Between 1997 and 1999, the company spun off several TSR campaign settings, includingPlanescape,Dark Sun, andSpelljammer, to focus the business on the more profitableGreyhawk andForgotten Realms lines.[27]
In mid 1997, WotC revisited the concept of a third edition ofDungeons & Dragons, having first discussed it soon after the purchase of TSR.[28][29] WotC released the third edition ofDungeons & Dragons in 2000 with thed20 System.[29][30] The company released these properties under theOpen Game License, which allows other companies to make use of those systems.[13]
The new edition ofDungeons & Dragons won multiple Origins Awards in 2000, such asBest Roleplaying Game forDungeons & Dragons andBest Graphic Presentation of a Roleplaying Game, Adventure,or Supplement for theMonster Manual.[31] In 2002, WotC sponsored a design contest for which designers could submit proposals to produce a new campaign world to the company. WotC selected "Eberron", which game designerKeith Baker submitted, and its first campaign book was released in June 2004.[9] TheEberron Campaign Setting won the 2004 Origins Award forBest Role-Playing Supplement.[32] In 2003, WotC released version 3.5 ofDungeons & Dragons and the d20 system.[13] The 30th anniversary of the D&D game was celebrated at Gen Con Indy 2004.[33]
On August 2, 1997, Wizards of the Coast was grantedU.S. patent 5,662,332 on collectible card games.[13] In January 1999, WotC began publishingPokémon Trading Card Game after acquiring the rights in August 1998.[34][18] The game sold nearly 400,000 copies in less than six weeks and sold 10-times more units than initial projections.[35] Some sports card series were discontinued in 1999 because so many printers were producingPokémon cards.[14] The game won theNational Parenting Center's 1999 Seal of Approval.[19]
Within a year, WotC had sold millions of copies of thePokémon game and the company released a new set that included an instructionalCD-ROM.[36] WotC continued to publish the game until 2003. One ofNintendo's affiliatesThe Pokémon Company (formerly Pokémon USA) began producing a new edition for the game one day after the last of its agreements with Wizards expired on September 30, 2003. The following day, WotC filed suit against Nintendo, accusing it of "abandoning a contract with Wizards, the longtime producer and distributor of Pokémon trading-card games, and using Wizards-patented methods and technology to manufacture the games itself".[37][38] The companies resolved the legal action in December 2003 without going to court.[39]
After the company's success in 1999 withPokémon,[14] Wizards of the Coast acquired and expanded The Game Keeper, a US chain of retail gaming stores, eventually changing its name to Wizards of the Coast.[40][41] The company's gaming center in Seattle was closed in March 2001.[12] In December 2003, WotC announced it would close all of its stores to allow it concentrate on game design.[40][42] The stores were closed in early 2004.[13]
In September 1999, toy manufacturerHasbro bought Wizards of the Coast for about US$325 million.[3][43]Avalon Hill, which Hasbro had purchased in mid-1998, was made a division of WotC in late 1999.[44][45] In November 1999, WotC announcedGen Con would leave Milwaukee after the 2002 convention.[46] Also in November, Vince Caluori became President of WotC.[47]
On January 1, 2001, Peter Adkison resigned from WotC.[13] In August 2001, the company, which had been a semi-independent division of Hasbro, was consolidated into Hasbro's game division. According to trade magazineICv2: "this is seen as a loss of autonomy for WotC by most. The Hasbro release specified that despite the consolidation at the management level, WotC will continue to operate out of its Seattle offices."[48] Between 2001 and 2002, Hasbro soldOrigins Game Fair toGame Manufacturers Association (GAMA),[13] and in May 2002, it sold Gen Con to Peter Adkison.[49]
In 2000, Wizards of the Coast introduced theOpen Game License (OGL), which allowed the production of a wide range of unofficial commercialderivative works based on themechanics ofDungeons and Dragons;[50] it is credited with increasing the market share of d20 products[51] and leading to a "boom in the RPG industry in the early 2000s".[52] Chuck Huebner became president and CEO of Wizards of the Coast in June 2002.[53][54] In 2003, the company employed 850 people.[55]
Throughout the early 2000s, WotC won multipleOrigins Awards, including: 2001Best Role-Playing Game Supplement (Forgotten Realms Campaign Setting) and theBest Game Related Novel (Clan War 7th Scroll: The Lion); 2002Best Role-Playing Adventure (City of the Spider Queen); 2005Collectible Card Game or Expansion of the Year (Ravnica: City of Guilds expansion forMagic: The Gathering) andGamer's Choice Best Historical Game of the Year (Axis and Allies Collectible Miniatures Game), and the 2006Miniature or Miniatures Line of the Year (Colossal Red Dragon).[56][57][58][59] It also won the 2002 GoldEnnie Award for "Best Publisher"[60] and the 2006 Silver Ennie Award for "Fan's Choice for Best Publisher".[61]
In 2002, Wizards of the Coast's periodicals department was spun off; WotC outsourced its magazines by licensingDungeon,Dragon,Polyhedron, andAmazing Stories toPaizo Publishing.[13][62] The license expired in September 2007 and WotC began publishing the magazines online.[63][64] In 2003, WotC releasedDungeons & Dragons miniatures; collectible, painted, plastic miniature games. In 2004, the company added a licensedStar Wars line. In April 2004, Loren Greenwood succeeded Huebner as the subsidiary's president.[65][66] Also in 2004, Avalon Hill became a subsidiary of WotC.[45]
In early 2006, WotC filed a lawsuit against Daron Rutter, who was the administrator of the website MTG Salvation.[67] The lawsuit said Rutter publicly posted confidential prototypes of upcomingMagic: The Gathering card sets to the MTG Salvation forums,[67] ten months before the cards were to be released.[68][69] The lawsuit was settled out of court, according toMark Rosewater.[68]
Greg Leeds succeeded Greenwood as president and CEO of WotC in March 2008.[70][71] On June 6, 2008, Wizards released the fourth edition ofDungeons & Dragons, and began introducing fourth-edition online content inDragon andDungeon magazines.[72][73][74][75][excessive citations]
Throughout the 2000s, WotC released new editions ofMagic: The Gathering. In 2009, WotC announced a new edition calledMagic 2010, which coincided with the first major rules change toMagic since theRevised Edition was released in 1994.[76][77]
By 2008, the company employed over 300 people[78] and went through a restructuring.[79] On April 6, 2009, WotC suspended all sales of its products for theDungeons & Dragons games in PDF format from places such asOneBookShelf, and its online storefronts RPGNow andDriveThruRPG.[80][81] The company launched a lawsuit against eight people to prevent future copyright infringement of its books, including fourth-editionDungeons & Dragons products that were sold through these places, and all older editions PDFs of the game.[82][83]
In 2012,Ethan Gilsdorf writing forThe New York Times reported sales ofDungeons & Dragons products had slumped.[84] Despite the company not releasing sales figures, analysts and gaming experts noted sales had been declining.[84] That year, WotC announced a public playtest to develop a new edition ofDungeons & Dragons calledD&D Next.[84][85][86][87] The 5th edition ofDungeons & Dragons was released on July 15, 2014, with theDungeons & Dragons Starter Set.[88][89][90] In 2014, 126,870 units of theDungeons & Dragons Starter Set were sold, and in 2018, 306,670 units of the product were sold.[91]
Throughout the 2010s, WotC and its products continued to earn awards. This included multiple 2015Origins Awards, such as:Role-Playing Game Fan Favorite (Dungeon & Dragons:Players Handbook),Role-Playing SupplementFan Favorite (Dungeon & Dragons:Monster Manual), andCollectible Card Game (Magic the Gathering:Khans of Tarkir).[92] WotC won the 2015 GoldEnnie Award for "Fan's Choice for Best Publisher"[93] and won the 2017 Gold Ennie Awards for "Fan's Choice for Best Publisher".[94]
In 2014,20th Century Fox acquired the screen rights toMagic: The Gathering to produce a movie series withSimon Kinberg attached to the project.[95][96] Also in 2014, WotC filed a lawsuit againstCryptozoic Entertainment and Hex Entertainment alleging their online card gameHex: Shards of Fate was a clone ofMagic: The Gathering.[97] The three companies agreed to a settlement the following year.[98] In 2015, it was reported an estimated 20 million people playedMagic: The Gathering and that the game had tournaments, a professional league, and a weekly organized game program calledFriday Night Magic.[99]
Since the release of the 5th edition, WotC has published more than twentyDungeon & Dragons books, including newrulebooks, campaign guides and adventure modules.[100][101] According toThe Seattle Times, 2017 had "the most number of players in its history".[102] Writing forBloomberg,Mary Pilon reported sales of the 5th edition ofDungeon & Dragons rose 41 percent in 2017 compared to the year before, and in 2018 rose another 52 percent. Pilon also said in 2017, nine million people watched others playD&D on the video-sharing platformTwitch.[91]
In 2016, WotC partnered withOneBookShelf to create an online community-content platform calledDungeon Masters Guild (DMsGuild) that allowed creators to make and sell content using WotC's properties. Users of DMsGuild could also purchase earlier editions ofDungeon & Dragons as PDFs and asprint-on-demand books.[103][104][105]
In April 2019, WotC announced the appointment of gaming-industry veteranJames Ohlen as the head of its new studio inAustin, Texas; in January 2020 the new studio was revealed to beArchetype Entertainment.[112][113] In June 2019, internet-streaming serviceNetflix announced WoTC would work withAnthony and Joe Russo to create an animated series based on the mythology ofMagic: The Gathering. The Russo brothers wereexecutive producers on the series, with writersHenry Gilroy andJose Molina asshowrunners, andBardel Entertainment worked on animation.[114][115] In July 2019, Joe Deaux reported inBloomberg: "Magic is part of the [Hasbro's] 'franchise brands', a segment that accounted for $2.45 billion in net revenue for the company last year".[43] According to Chris Cocks,Magic accounted for a "meaningful portion" of that sum and KeyBanc estimated the game's contribution was more than $500 million of the franchise brands.[43]
In February 2020, during a Hasbroearnings call, CEOBrian Goldner said Wizards of the Coast was delivering positive results and that Hasbro planned to double WotC's revenues between 2018 and 2023.[118] He also reported revenues fromMagic: The Gathering had increased by over 30 percent;Magic: The Gathering Arena had a strong first year andDungeons & Dragons revenues grew for the seventh consecutive year.[118][119]Dungeons & Dragons virtual play increased by 86 percent during 2020, due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[119]
On June 1, 2020, after themurder of George Floyd, WotC released a statement in support of its Black fans, employees, and community members.[120][121] This provoked a backlash; multiple open letters that criticized the company for its treatment ofpeople of color, and documenting issues Black and Brown community members had taken with the company's actions were published.[120][122][123]The New York Times,Polygon, andKotaku reported following this criticism, WotC banned sevenMagic: The Gathering cards that were deemed racially offensive from tournament-sanctioned play.[124][121][125] TheD&D team announced it would be changing portions of its fifth-edition product line that fans had criticized for being insensitive, such as racist portrayals of a fictional people known as theVistani, and racescharacterized as monstrous and evil.[126][127][128] The company also announced plans to change character creation to broaden the range of character types and adding a sensitivity disclaimer to some legacy products that include cultures inspired by Asia,Mesoamerica, and the Middle East.[129][130][131]The Washington Post reported the tabletop community has widely approved of these changes,[132] althoughWired criticized some of the change attempts as often feeling "like lip service".[133]
During its 2021 Investor Event, Hasbro announced the company would be reorganized into three divisions: Consumer Products, Entertainment, and Wizards & Digital.[4][5] The announcement was paired with a rebrand including a new logo and refreshed website for WotC.[134][135] Also in 2021, WotC opened a new video-game studio, whose first project was a high-budget game based on theG.I. Joe franchise.[136][137] In 2022, Chris Cocks became CEO of Hasbro and Cynthia Williams replaced him as president of Wizards & Digital.[138][139] In June 2022, Hasbro defeated a board challenge fromactivist investor Alta Fox Capital Management LLC.,[140][141] ahedge fund company that owned a 2.5 percent stake in Hasbro and had wanted to spin out WotC[142][143] into a separate company to create what it saw as "more value by making a second publicly traded company with a more profitable line of business".[144] In July 2022, WotC announced it was establishing another new video-game studio called Skeleton Key, which would focus onAAA games and would be headed by Christian Dailey, formerly ofBioWare.[145][146]
In April 2022, Hasbro acquired the digital toolset and game companionD&D Beyond fromFandom,[147][148] and transferred control to WotC the following month.[149][150] At the Hasbro Investor Event in October 2022, it was announced Dan Rawson, former chief operating officer (COO) ofMicrosoft Dynamics 365 was appointed to the newly created position of Senior Vice President for theDungeons & Dragons brand to act as head of the franchise.[151][152] According toDicebreaker, Rawson's role was "part of Wizards' plans to apply more resources to the digital side of D&D" following Hasbro's purchase of D&D Beyond.[153]
At a December 2022 investor-focused web seminar, Williams and Cocks called theDungeons & Dragons brand "under monetized".[154][155] They noted the high engagement of fans with the brand but said the majority of spending is by Dungeon Masters, who comprise around 20 percent of the player base. Williams commented the goal of increased investment in digital aspects of that product line was to "unlock" recurrent spending typical of digital games.[154][155]
In 2022,The Gamer andKotaku reported on the increased product-release schedule forMagic: The Gathering;[156][157]The Gamer said the increased number of preview seasons for the game was leading to exhaustion within the community and had "drained the well of enthusiasm dry".[158]Vice commented there was "a growing divide in theMagic: The Gathering community between the casual players and the collectors" because "some rich collectors have turned the cards into a kind of commodities market",[159] and that "Wizards of the Coast has increasingly catered to this kind of consumer", leading to products that are too expensive for many casual players.[159] In November 2022,CNBC reported: "Bank of America downgraded the stock of Wizard of the Coast's owner, Hasbro";[160] analyst Jason Haas stated changes to theMagic: The Gathering brand "amount to Hasbro 'killing its golden goose'" and that the "primary concern" is the overproduction of "Magic cards which has propped up Hasbro's recent results but is destroying the long-term value of the brand".[161][156]
Between November and December 2022, there was speculation based on unconfirmed leaks saying WotC was planning to discontinue the OGL forDungeons & Dragons.[162][163][164][165] Following a WotC response to the speculation,[164] the company released limited details of an update to the OGL the following month.[166][167][165] Linda Codega, writing forIo9, reported on the details from a leaked full copy of the OGL 1.1 on January 5, 2023.[168] Codega said: "every single licensed publisher will be affected by the new agreement ... The main takeaway from the leaked OGL 1.1 draft document is that WotC is keeping power close at hand."[168]ICv2 commented the leaked OGL had several controversial parts.[169] Following this leak, numerous news-and-industry-focused outlets reported on negative reactions from fans and professional content creators.[a]TheStreet said WotC's main competitors quickly moved away from the OGL in the time it took WotC to settle on a response.[178] BothKobold Press andMCDM Productions announced upcoming new open tabletop RPG systems.[179][180][181]Paizo announced a newOpen RPG Creative License (ORC), a system-agnostic license, and other publishers joined the development of this new license.[b]TheStreet also said WotC had united its player base against it; bothTheStreet[178] andIo9 noted the movement to boycottD&D Beyond and mass subscription cancellations;Io9 stated the "immediate financial consequences" forced a response by WotC.[184]Io9 also reported WotC's internal messaging on the response to the leak was this was a fan overreaction.[184]
In the following weeks, WotC reversed changes to the OGL and solicited public feedback[c] before moving away from the OGL and releasing theSystem Reference Document 5.1 (SRD 5.1) under an irrevocable creative commons license (CC-BY-4.0).[d] Edwin Evans-Thirlwell ofThe Washington Post wrote: "pushback from fans, who criticized WotC's response as far from an apology and a dismissal of their legitimate concerns, led WotC to backpedal further" and that the company "appears to have committed an irreversible act of self-sabotage in trying to replace [the OGL]—squandering the prestige accumulated over 20 years in a matter of weeks".[192] BothIo9 andComicBook.com called the major concessions by WotC a "huge victory" for theDungeons & Dragons community.[189][190]The Motley Fool said the "abruptvolte-face" was "an abject failure for Hasbro's business" if the assumed goal was to increase monetization of "Dungeons & Dragons properties, grow revenue for Hasbro, and earn more profits for Hasbro shareholders".[193]
Also in January 2023, WotC canceled at least five unnamed video-game projects;[194][195][196] an internal project code-named Jabberwocky, and two games that were in the early development stages.[194][197] Jason Schreier writing forBloomberg News said fewer than 15 people at WotC would lose their jobs but "the reorganization will land hard for several independent studios such as Boston-based OtherSide Entertainment and Bellevue, Washington-basedHidden Path Entertainment, both of which were working on games for Wizards of the Coast".[194][197] In February 2023,Markets Insider reported Bank of America continued to rate Hasbro's stock as underperforming and said the company "faces a steep decline in its share price if it continues to 'destroy customer goodwill'" by over-monetizing brands within its Wizards segment.[198] In April 2023, WotC sent private detectives from thePinkerton agency to the house of aMagic: The Gathering YouTuber, who said the agents demanded he destroy cards from an unreleased set he had been accidentally sent, and to remove videos from his channel, otherwise he and his wife would face a $200,000 fine and imprisonment.[199][200][201] The game's players subsequently initiated a boycott in response.[202] In December 2023,TechCrunch reported that paperwork Hasbro filed with the SEC contained information announcing layoffs of 1,100 employees (20 percent of their entire workforce across all divisions) effective immediately.[203] A wide range of WotC employees were laid off;[204] Chase Carter ofDicebreaker commented: "past successes and future plans could not save Wizards of the Coast's workers from the hungry maw of corporate line-item reduction, and the full extent of this culling remains to be seen".[205]
In March 2024, Wizards of the Coast stoppedlocalizingMagic: The Gathering andDungeons & Dragons forPortuguese. The company received avampetaço in retaliation.[206] Cynthia Williams resigned at the end of April 2024[207][208] and was replaced that summer by John Hight, who left his long-time role atBlizzard Entertainment to take the job.[209] The 3Dvirtual tabletop (VTT)Dungeons & Dragons simulatorSigil launched as part of D&D Beyond in March 2025.[210] Later that month, approximately 90% of the development team were laid off by WotC; in an internal communication, Hasbro Direct senior vice president Dan Rawson stated "our aspirations forSigil as a large, standalone game with a distinct monetization path will not be realized".[211][212] Following the release of core rulebooks for the2024 revision ofDungeons & Dragons, Creative DirectorChris Perkins and Game DirectorJeremy Crawford announced their departures from the company in April 2025. Christian Hoffer, forScreen Rant, highlighted that both "have been part of theDungeons & Dragons design team for decades and were two of the lead designers of"Dungeons & Dragons 5th Edition.[213]
Avalon Hill inRenton, Washington, U.S.; founded 1952, acquired by Hasbro in 1998, moved to Wizards of the Coast in 2004, moved back to Hasbro Gaming in 2021.[222][223]
^OGL1.2, with an open feedback period, was announced on January 13, 2023.[185][186][187]
^System Reference Document 5.1 was announced and became effective immediately on January 27, 2023. Additionally, Wizards announced it would no longer pursue deauthorizing the OGL1.0a.[188][189][190][191]
^Hasbro."About the Company – Hasbro".Hasbro Corporate.Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. RetrievedOctober 11, 2021.Wizards of the Coast, a subsidiary of Hasbro, is an award-winning developer and publisher of tabletop and digital games best known for MAGIC: THE GATHERING and DUNGEONS & DRAGONS.
^abWitwer, Michael; Newman, Kyle; Peterson, Jon; Witwer, Sam (2018)."Reincarnation: 3rd Edition".Dungeons and Dragons Art and Arcana: A Visual History. Ten Speed Press. pp. 287–324.ISBN9780399580956.Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. RetrievedOctober 16, 2020.
^Magazine Publishers of America (2003)."Defunct or Suspended Magazines 2007".MPA Website:The Definitive Source of the Magazine Industry. Magazine Publishers of America. Archived fromthe original on September 22, 2008. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2008.
^"Dungeons & Dragons & fear & loathing".Financial Times. January 13, 2023. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 13, 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"System Reference Document 5.1"(PDF).D&D Beyond. Wizards of the Coast. January 27, 2023.Archived(PDF) from the original on January 27, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2023.The System Reference Document 5.1 is provided to you free of charge under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ("CC-BY-4.0").
^"Celebrate young adult literature's rise with Teen Read Week 2008".American Library Association. July 31, 2008.Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. RetrievedOctober 11, 2021.Since launching in 2004, Mirrorstone Books, a subsidiary of Wizards of the Coast, Inc., has offered a wide array of fantasy fiction for children and young adults.
^Rosewater, Mark (May 12, 2021)."Blogatog".Tumblr.Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.There was a reorganization a couple years back and there was a new group made in charge of tabletop Magic that combined numerous sections including R&D. That group was supposed to get a name with Studio X being the temporary fill-in, but so far, we remain Studio X.
^Rosewater, Mark (September 7, 2022)."Blogatog".Tumblr.Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. RetrievedJanuary 17, 2023.A number of years back, we changed how we organized Wizards. Tabletop Magic is now overseen by Bill Rose and is one large group with the original placeholder, but its seems to have stuck, name of Studio X. Studio X includes everyone who makes tabletop Magic from the designers to the creative people to the editors to the graphic designers to the people that handle layout and printing to the marketers to the architects and business people (and I'm forgetting many sections - I apologize).
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