TheWinter Line was a series ofGerman andItalianmilitaryfortifications inItaly, constructed duringWorld War II byOrganisation Todt and commanded byAlbert Kesselring. The series of three lines was designed to defend a western section of Italy, focused around the town ofMonte Cassino, through which ran the important Highway 6 which led uninterrupted toRome. The primaryGustav Line ran across Italy from just north of where theGarigliano River flows into theTyrrhenian Sea in the west, through theApennine Mountains to the mouth of theSangro River on theAdriatic coast in the east. The two subsidiary lines, theBernhardt Line and theHitler Line, ran much shorter distances from the Tyrrehnian Sea to just northeast of Cassino where they would merge into the Gustav Line. Relative to the Gustav Line, the Hitler Line stood to the northwest and the Bernhardt Line to the southeast of the primary defenses.
Before being ultimately broken, the Gustav Line effectively slowed theAllied advance for months between December 1943 and June 1944. Major battles in the assault on the Winter Line atMonte Cassino andAnzio alone resulted in 98,000 Allied casualties and 60,000Axis casualties.[1][2]
The Gustav Line stretched across the Italian Peninsula and barred the way to Rome for the two Allied armies in Italy: theU.S. Fifth Army in the west and theBritish Eighth Army[a] in the east. The Allies' grand strategy in the autumn of 1943 was for the Eighth Army to advance through the Sangro River defences, then hook south atAvezzano and enter Rome from the rear while the Fifth Army approached from the south.
The center of the Gustav Line crossed the main route north to Rome at strategically crucial Highway 6. It followed theLiri valley and was anchored around the mountains behind the town ofCassino. Above it stood the ancient Benedictine sanctuary ofMonte Cassino, which dominated the valley entrance, and Monte Cassino, which gave the defenders clear observation of potential attackers advancing towards the valley mouth. The U.S. 5th Army was held up in front of these positions through the winter of 1943-44. They attempted to flank the position by thelandings at Anzio but bogged down quickly there. A bloody and protracted battle was waged over the monastery, known as theBattle of Monte Cassino.
The eastern end of the line was held by the coastal town ofOrtona, captured by Canadian forces in the fierceBattle of Ortona in December 1943 which became known as "the little Stalingrad." Failure by the 8th Army to captureOrsogna however put an end to the Allied plans of a strong drive up the eastern coast. Rain, flooded rivers, and high casualties, as well as the departure of General Montgomery, all put a halt to Allied plans until the spring of 1944. The Gustav Line thus fulfilled the wishes of Field MarshalKesselring, the commander of German forces in Italy, of keeping the Allies south of the so-called Winter Line.
On the western side of the Apennines were two subsidiary lines, theBernhardt Line in front of the main Gustav positions, and theHitler Line some 8 kilometres (5 mi) to the rear. The Winter Line was fortified with gun pits, concrete bunkers, turreted machine-gun emplacements, barbed wire and minefields. It was the strongest of the German defensive lines south of Rome. About 15 German divisions were employed in the defence. It took the Allies from mid-November 1943 to June 1944 to fight through all the various elements of the Winter Line, including the well-known battles atMonte Cassino andAnzio.
The offensive on the Bernhardt Line was launched on December 1, 1943, as part ofOperation Raincoat. British and American troops took the terrain around Monte Camino and theMignano Gap within a week and a half of launching the assault but German operations persisted in the area for months.
Some authorities define the Bernhardt Line as crossing Italy from coast to coast following not just the western defensive positions described above but incorporating also the eastern defences of the Gustav Line. Other authorities use the Winter Line name interchangeably with the Gustav Line .
