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Windows 3.1

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Major release of Microsoft Windows
This article is about the consumer computer operating system shell released in 1992. For the version of Windows NT released in 1993, seeWindows NT 3.1.

Operating system
Windows 3.1
Version of theMicrosoft Windows operating system
Logo of Microsoft Windows 3.1x versions
Screenshot of Windows for Workgroups 3.11
DeveloperMicrosoft
OS familyMicrosoft Windows
Source modelClosed source
Released to
manufacturing		April 6, 1992; 33 years ago (1992-04-06)
Latest release3.11 / November 8, 1993; 31 years ago (1993-11-08)
LicenseCommercial software
Preceded byWindows 3.0 (1990)
Succeeded by
Support status
RetailUnsupported as of December 31, 2001 (2001-12-31)
WFW 3.11embeddedUnsupported as of November 1, 2008 (2008-11-1)

Windows 3.1 is a major release ofMicrosoft Windows. It wasreleased to manufacturing on April 6, 1992, as a successor toWindows 3.0. Like its predecessors, the Windows 3.1 series run as ashell on top ofMS-DOS; it was the last Windows16-bit operating environment as all future versions of Windows had moved to32-bit.

Windows 3.1 introduced theTrueType font system as a competitor toAdobe Type Manager. Its multimedia was also expanded, andscreensavers were introduced, alongside new software such asWindows Media Player andSound Recorder.File Manager andControl Panel received tweaks, while Windows 3.1 also saw the introduction of theWindows Registry and add-ons, and it could utilize morememory than its predecessors.

Microsoft also released special versions of Windows 3.1 throughout 1992 and 1993; in Europe and Japan, Windows 3.1 was introduced with more language support, whileTandy Video Information System received a special version, called Modular Windows. In November 1993, Windows 3.11 was released as a minor update, while Windows 3.2 was released as aSimplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[a] Microsoft also introduced Windows for Workgroups, the first version of Windows to allowintegrated networking. Mostly oriented towardsbusinesses, it received network improvements and it allowed users to share files, use print servers, and chat online, while it also introducedpeer-to-peer networking.

The series is considered to be an improvement on its predecessors. It was praised for its reinvigoration of theuser interface and technical design. Windows 3.1 sold over three million copies during the first three months of its release, although its counterpart Windows for Workgroups was noted as a "business disappointment" due to its small amount of sold copies. It was succeeded byWindows 95, and Microsoft ended the support for Windows 3.1 series on December 31, 2001, except for the embedded version, which was retired in 2008.

Development history

[edit]
Early version of the Windows 3.1 logo, used in 1991

Windows 3.0, the predecessor of 3.1, was released in 1990, and is considered to be the first version of Windows to receive critical acclaim.[2][3] Windows 3.0 received around 10 million sales before the release of Windows 3.1 on April 6, 1992.[2][4] Microsoft began a television advertising campaign for the first time on March 1, 1992. The advertisements, developed byOgilvy & Mather, were designed to introduce a broader audience to Windows.[5]

Like its predecessors, the operating environment runs as ashell on top ofMS-DOS, although it does not include the MS-DOS Executive shell.[4][6][7]: 3  After the introduction ofWindows 1.0,Microsoft had worked on gaining support from companies to expand its operating environment on different types ofPCs.[4]Tandy Corporation was open to shipping Tandy Sensation PCs with the Windows 3.1 operating environment.[4][8]IBM and its PCs were also provided with Windows 3.1.[9]

Release versions and features

[edit]

Windows 3.1

[edit]
Windows 3.1, showing some of the personalization options available

Further enhancements were introduced in Windows 3.1. TheTrueType font system was introduced to provide scalable fonts to Windows applications, without having to resort on using third-party technology such asAdobe Type Manager (ATM).[4][10] Windows 3.1 introducedArial,Courier New, andTimes New Roman fonts, in regular, bold, italic, and bold-italic versions, which could be scaled to any size and rotated, depending on the application.[11][12]

To improve user interaction, Microsoft initiated warning and event sounds, and introduced computer command shortcuts for copy, cut, and paste. Windows 3.1 is also noted for its improvement of multimedia;screensavers,Windows Media Player, andSound Recorder were introduced into the operating environment.[4] These features were already present on theWindows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions version, although they were only available to users with newly bought PCs. The Media Player could playMIDI music files andAVI video files, while the Sound Recorder could play, record, and edit sound files that were affiliated with theWAV format.[4][13]: 21 Minesweeper was officially introduced in Windows 3.1 as a replacement for Reversi, alongsideSolitaire.[4][14][15]MS-DOS programs were previously not able to be controlled with amouse; this ended up being introduced in Windows 3.1.[14] Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) was added to allow drag-and-drop embedding of images and formatted text between Windows programs.[16][17]SVGA color support was also introduced in this version.[9]

File Manager had also received tweaks; split view-mode was introduced, users were now able to browse files without having to open separate windows, whilefiles were able to be dragged and dropped to other locations on the system.[18]: 11  An option for quick formatting was introduced to format floppy disks and copy its files without having to quit Windows.[13]: 19  File Manager is anMDI application that is used for moving, deleting, and managing files on the system.[6] Microsoft also builtMicrosoft Bob, a utility that would act as a search assistant, on Windows 3.1, only for it to be released onWindows 95 in 1995.[19][20] The introduction ofWindows Registry, a centralizeddatabase that could store configuration information and settings for various operating systems components and applications, also occurred in this version.[4][12] TheControl Panel also received changes; its items were nowhard-coded, and additional items could be added by placing additional .cpl files.[4][6] Similarly, theCalendar uses the .cal extension.[21]: 154  Printer management tasks were moved over to Control Panel and Print Manager. Several printer drivers were improved in Windows 3.1, making the Print Manager more efficient to use.[13]: 20  Windows 3.1 also includes troubleshooting and diagnostic tools such as theDr. Watson utility which saves information about application errors, andMicrosoft Diagnostics.[22][23]

Windows 3.1 also includes add-ons;Video for Windows was introduced in November 1992 as a reaction toApple'sQuickTime technology.[24] At the price of $200, the software included editing and encoding programs.[25][26] It was later built intoWindows 95.[27] Microsoft also publishedWindows for Pen Computing, apen computing interface which was created in response toPenPoint OS byGO Corporation.[28][29] The operating environment was also given limited compatibility with the then-new32-bitWindows API, by introducingWin32s, an enabling technology.[30] Microsoft also providedWinG, an application program interface, to entice developers to move fromDOS to Windows.[31] It also provided a device-independent interface to graphics and printer hardware, and allowed programs to have both read and write capabilities to the WinGDC.[32]

Unlike all previous versions, Windows 3.1 could not run inreal mode and it insisted on the use of80286 processors or above. Because of this, the maximum memory available was increased.[12][33] While Windows 3.0 was limited to 16 MB maximum memory, Windows 3.1 could access a theoretical 4 GB in the 386 enhanced mode. The actual practical ceiling is 256 MB.[34] Like its predecessors, it runs as a16-bit system; Windows 3.1 is also the last Windows to run in 16-bit mode.[17][35] It is also the first Windows to be distributed on aCD-ROM.[12][14] The setup interface was simplified; express mode was introduced to automatically set up Windows.[13]: 22  Windows 3.1 also includes an online tutorialapplet for users regarding the use of the Windows 3.1user interface.[13]: 20  In addition it supported theAdvanced Power Management standard.[36]

Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe

[edit]
Retail box of the Japanese version of Windows 3.1

A special version named "Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe" introduced eleven languages to Windows 3.1.[37] It also provided support for theCyrillic script.[38] To use Czech, Hungarian, and Polish terminologies this version was required, while to use Russian terminologies a Russian version of Windows 3.1 was needed.[39] Similarly, Microsoft also released Windows 3.1J with support for Japanese, which shipped 1.46 million copies in its first year on the market (1993) in Japan.[40]

Modular Windows

[edit]

Modular Windows was built for real-time consumer electronics, and was designed to be controlled viatelevision.[41][42] It was a special version of Windows 3.1, which was designed to run onTandy Video Information System; it allowed users to run multimedia software without having to buy a personal computer.[43][44] It also contained asoftware development kit (SDK) for programmers to write applications that would run on devices that have Modular Windows. The SDK was sold for $99.[45] Modular Windows was discontinued in 1994.[46]

Windows 3.11

[edit]

Released on November 8, 1993, Windows 3.11 was introduced with fixes for network problems which were present on Windows 3.1.[47] As a minor update, new features were not present in this version. It also did not run on IBM's OS/2 for Windows.[48][49] Windows 3.11 allowed users to connect to each other as peers to share the resources of their computers.[50] Microsoft replaced all retail andOEM versions of Windows 3.1 with Windows 3.11 and provided a free upgrade to anyone who owned Windows 3.1.[47]

Windows 3.2

[edit]

An updatedSimplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1 was released in November 1993, as Windows 3.2.[51][52] The update was limited to this language version, as it only fixed issues related to the complex input system for the Simplified Chinese language.[51] Afont editor is present in Windows 3.2; it is used to add new Chinese characters to the already-existing fonts.[53]

Windows for Workgroups

[edit]
Windows for Workgroups logo

Windows for Workgroups served as an update to Windows 3.1, and it was the first version of Windows that was suitable forintegrated networking.[54][55] Initially developed as an add-on for Windows 3.0, it was later released in 1992. It introduced drivers and protocols forpeer-to-peer networking.[56] Windows for Workgroups was mostly oriented towardsbusinesses.[4]

Windows for Workgroups 3.1

[edit]

The first version of Windows for Workgroups, 3.1, was released on October 27, 1992.[57] Codenamed Winball and Sparta, it allows users toshare files, useprint servers, andchat online; files could be accessed from other machines that run either Windows or DOS.[58] TheMicrosoft Hearts card game was also added, while Object Linking and Embedding, which was implemented in Windows 3.1, was also included in the Windows for Workgroups version.[59][60] The Workgroups version also introduced theMicrosoft Mail program, which allowed users to receive and sendemail, and Microsoft Schedule+, a time management app.[58][59]

Windows for Workgroups could also be accessed from an OS/2 client that uses theServer Message Block (SMB), a protocol used for sharing files and printers overlocal networks.[61][62] It introduced support for theNetBEUI protocol.[63] The price sat at $69 for Windows 3.1 users.[64]

Windows for Workgroups 3.11

[edit]
Network capabilities of Windows for Workgroups 3.11

The other version, Windows for Workgroups 3.11, was released on November 8, 1993.[65][66] It was codenamed Snowball, and it introduced support for32-bit file access, drive sharing, and group calendaring.[67][68] It also has built-infax capabilities.[69]

It received network improvements; aWinsock package was released for Windows for Workgroups, although it was later replaced by a 32-bit stack add-on package (codenamed Wolverine) that providedTCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.[70][71][72] Its connectivity withNetWare networks was increased, while it also introduced support forOpen Data-Link Interface cards andInternetwork Packet Exchange drivers.Remote access service was introduced as a product for users to remotely accessWindows NT and itsAdvanced Server networks.[69]

It runs in80386 enhanced mode, and it supports the use ofnetwork redirectors.[54]: 56 [73] It was sold in two versions; the complete package cost$219 while the "Workgroup Add-on for Windows" cost$69.[68]

System requirements

[edit]

The official system requirements for Windows 3.1 and subsequent versions include the following:

Minimum system requirements
Windows 3.1[7]: 18–24 [13]: 13 Modular Windows[74]Windows for Workgroups[75]: xviii–xix 
CPU80286 processor for standard mode,80386 for enhanced mode80386 processor386SX processor
RAM1 MB of memory (640 KB of conventional memory)4 MB of memory3 MB of memory (640 KB of conventional memory)
StorageAhard disk with at least 6.5 MB of free space (8 MB for enhanced mode users), and at least onefloppy disk driveA hard disk with at least 20 MB of free spaceA hard disk with at least 8 MB of free space (14 MB needed for a complete installation), and at least one floppy disk drive
VideoVGA adapterVGA-NTSC adapterVGA adapter
NetworkOptional hardware includes aHayes, MultiTech,TrailBlazer, or any other compatible modem if user wants to connect to a networkAn adapter card with Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) driver, optional hardware includes a Hayes, MultiTech, TrailBlazer, or any other compatible modem
OSMS-DOS 3.1MS-DOS 3.22 and Windows 3.1MS-DOS 3.3 (computers that act as servers require MS-DOS 5.0 or higher)
MouseA Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended, but not required

To use a printer or to run Windows on a network, additional 2.5 MB of free space will be needed on the hard drive.[7]: 19  The amount of RAM is dependent on software that runs on the PC; if the user is on the network and if the network requires a lot of memory, more RAM will be needed.[7]: 21  Windows 3.1 includes more drivers for printers than its predecessor.[7]: 25  It is also possible to connect to a network using Windows 3.1 viaHayes, Multi-Tech, or Trail Blazer modems.[7]: 26 [13]: 14 

Reception

[edit]

Windows 3.1 is considered to be more stable and multimedia-friendly in comparison with its predecessor, while itsuser interface was reinvigorated.[33] It has been shown as an improvement, and it possesses more features in comparison with its rival IBMOS/2 2.0, which launched a month earlier than Windows 3.1.[4]InfoWorld rated the operating environment a "very good" value.[76] Windows for Workgroups received lukewarm reception; it has been praised for its technical design, but it has been also noted as a "business disappointment" due to its small amount of sold copies.[77]

Regarding the marketplace, Windows 3.1 had received an enthusiastic reception; its retail price sat at $149, and over three million copies of Windows 3.1 were sold in the first three months.[9][78][79] The year of Windows 3.1's release was successful for Microsoft, which was named the "Most Innovative Company Operating in the U.S." byFortune magazine, while Windows became the most widely usedGUI-based operating environment.[80]

Microsoft ended its support for Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups on December 31, 2001, although the embedded version of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was retired on November 1, 2008.[81][82][83] The operating environment was superseded byWindows NT 3.1, which was released in 1993, andWindows 95 in 1995.[84][85]

DR-DOS compatibility

[edit]
Main article:AARD code

The installer of the beta release used code that checked whether it was running on Microsoft-licensed DOS or another DOS operating system, such asDR-DOS.[86] It was known as AARD code, and Microsoft disabled it before the final release of Windows 3.1, though without removing it altogether.[87]Digital Research, who owned DR-DOS, released a patch within weeks to allow the installer to continue.[88] Memos that were released during theUnited States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust case in 1999 revealed that Microsoft specifically focused it on DR-DOS.[89] WhenCaldera bought DR-DOS fromNovell, they brought a lawsuit against Microsoft over the AARD code, which was later settled with Microsoft paying $280 million.[90][91]

Legacy

[edit]

Windows 3.1 found a niche market as anembedded operating system after becoming obsolete in the PC world. By 2008, bothVirgin Atlantic andQantas employed it for some of the onboard entertainment systems on long-distance jets. It also sees continued use as an embedded OS in retail cash tills.[92] On July 14, 2013,Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named "Linux for Workgroups" as atongue-in-cheek reference to Windows for Workgroups 3.11.[93]

In November 2015, the failure of a Windows 3.1 system inOrly Airport in Paris, which was responsible for communicating visual range information infoggy weather to pilots, made operations temporarily cease. Whether the failure was hardware- or software-based is not specified, though the highlighting of the operating system suggests a software failure.[94][95] In 2016, theInternet Archive organization released Windows 3.1 as an emulated environment in aweb browser.[96]

In January 2024, German state-owned national railway companyDeutsche Bahn posted a job listing for a system administrator with "knowledge of legacy operating systems". The main responsibilities listed in the post were maintenance of the old system and driver updates. The need for the continued use of Windows 3.11 could apparently be traced back toSiemens' SIBAS (Siemens Bahn Automatisierungs System) automation system used to control trains. The job post was retracted due to "unfortunate wording".[97][98]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Collectively, these versions of Windows 3.1 are known as Windows 3.1x.[1]

References

[edit]
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