William Dampier | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Dampier holding his book, a painting by Thomas Murray (c. 1697–1698) | |
| Born | baptised5 September 1651 East Coker,Somerset, England |
| Died | March 1715 (aged 63) London, England |
| Nationality | English and, after the Union, British |
| Occupation(s) | Privateer and explorer |
| Known for | Exploring and mapping Australia,Circumnavigation |
| Spouse | Judith Dampier |
William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651;[1] died March 1715) was an English explorer, pirate,[2]privateer, navigator, andnaturalist who became the first Englishman to explore parts of what is todayAustralia, and the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.[3] He has also been described as Australia's first natural historian,[4] as well as one of the most important British explorers of the period between SirFrancis Drake (16th century) and CaptainJames Cook (18th century); he "bridged those two eras" with a mix of piratical derring-do of the former and scientific inquiry of the latter.[5] His expeditions were among the first to identify and name a number of plants, animals, foods, and cooking techniques for a European audience, being among the first English writers to use words such as avocado, barbecue, and chopsticks. In describing the preparation of avocados, he was the first European to describe the making ofguacamole, named thebreadfruit plant, and made frequent documentation of the taste of numerous foods foreign to the European palate at the time, such as flamingo and manatee.[6]
After impressing theBritish Admiralty with his bookA New Voyage Round the World, Dampier was given command of a Royal Navy ship and made important discoveries in western Australia, before being court-martialed for cruelty. On a later voyage he rescuedAlexander Selkirk, a former crewmate who may have inspiredDaniel Defoe'sRobinson Crusoe. Others influenced by Dampier includeGeorge Anson,James Cook,Horatio Nelson,Charles Darwin, andAlfred Russel Wallace.
William Dampier was born atHymerford House inEast Coker,Somerset, in 1651. He was baptised on 5 September, but his precise date of birth is not recorded. He was educated atKing's School, Bruton.[7] Dampier sailed on two merchant voyages toNewfoundland andJava before joining theRoyal Navy in 1673. He took part in the twoBattles of Schooneveld in June of that year.
Dampier's service was cut short by a catastrophic illness, and he returned to England for several months of recuperation. For the next several years he tried his hand at various careers, including plantation management inJamaica and logging in Mexico, before he eventually joined another sailing expedition.[8] Returning to England, he married Judith around 1679, only to leave for the sea a few months later.[9]
In 1679, Dampier joined the crew of thebuccaneer (pirate) CaptainBartholomew Sharp on theSpanish Main of Central America, twice visiting theBay of Campeche, or "Campeachy" as it was then known, on the north coast of Mexico.[11] This led to his first circumnavigation, during which he accompanied a raid across theIsthmus of Darién in Panama and took part in the capture of Spanish ships on the Pacific coast of that isthmus. The pirates then raided Spanish settlements inPeru, with diminishing returns over time as the Spanish became aware of their presence. After a failed raid on the city ofArica, a group of the buccaneers, Dampier included, left the group in April 1681 and re-crossed the Isthmus of Darién. The remainder of the expedition continued on and roundedCape Horn in November of the same year.[12]
Dampier made his way toVirginia, where in 1683 he was engaged by theprivateerJohn Cooke. Cooke entered the Pacific via Cape Horn and spent a year raiding Spanish possessions in Peru, theGalápagos Islands, and Mexico.[11] This expedition collected buccaneers and ships as it went along, at one time having a fleet of ten vessels.Ambrose Cowley, one of the buccaneers who later wrote an account of his own circumnavigation, produced the first maps of the Galápagos during this period. Cooke died in Mexico, and a new leader,Edward Davis, was elected captain by the crew, taking the shipBatchelor's Delight, with future CaptainGeorge Raynor in the crew.[13]
Dampier transferred to the privateerCharles Swan's ship,Cygnet, and on 31 March 1686 they set out across the Pacific to raid theEast Indies, calling atGuam andMindanao in the Philippines. Spanish witnesses saw the predominantly English crew as not only pirates and heretics but also cannibals. Leaving Swan and 36 others behind on Mindanao, the rest of the privateers under new CaptainJohn Read sailed on to Manila,Poulo Condor in modern-day Vietnam, China, theSpice Islands, andNew Holland (Australia).[14] Contrary to Dampier's later claim that he had not actively participated in actual piratical attacks during this voyage, he was in fact selected in 1687 to command one of the Spanish ships captured byCygnet's crew off Manila.[15]
On 5 January 1688,Cygnet "anchored two miles from shore in 29 fathoms" on the northwest coast of Australia, nearKing Sound.[16]: 55–56 Dampier and his ship remained there until 12 March, and while the ship was beingcareened Dampier made notes on the fauna and flora and the indigenous peoples he found there.[16]: 56–62 [17] Dampier wrote thatAboriginal Australians were the "miserablest" people he had ever seen who "differ but little from brutes."[18] Among his fellows were a significant number of Spanish sailors, most notably Alonso Ramírez, a native ofSan Juan,Puerto Rico; Ramírez would later be released after being imprisoned by another pirate,Duncan Mackintosh.[19] Later that year, by agreement, Dampier and two shipmates were marooned on one of theNicobar Islands. They obtained a small canoe which they modified after first capsizing and then, after surviving a great storm at sea, called at "Acheen" (Aceh) inSumatra.[citation needed]
Dampier returned to England in 1691 via theCape of Good Hope, penniless, with his only possessions being his journals and a tattooed slave known as Jeoly. Originally fromMiangas, Jeoly and his mother were captured by slave traders and brought toMindanao. They were bought for sixtydollars by one Mister Moody, who later passed on ownership to Dampier. When his mother died, Jeoly was inconsolable and wrapped himself in his dead mother's clothes. Dampier claimed in his diaries that he became close with Jeoly, however, eager to recoup the money he lost while at sea, he sold Jeoly to the Blue Boar Inn onFleet Street. Jeoly was exhibited as a "prince" to large crowds until he died of smallpox three months later. Numerous false stories about the tattooed foreigner were afterwards written, including his title as "Prince Giolo".[20][21][10]
The publication of the book,A New Voyage Round the World, in 1697 was a popular sensation, creating interest at theAdmiralty.[22] In 1699, Dampier was given command of the 26-gun warshipHMS Roebuck, with a commission from KingWilliam III (who had ruled jointly with QueenMary II until her death in 1694).[23] His mission was to explore the east coast ofNew Holland, the name given by the Dutch to what is now Australia, and Dampier's intention was to travel there viaCape Horn.
The expedition set out on 14 January 1699, too late in the season to attempt the Horn, so it headed to New Holland via theCape of Good Hope instead. Following the Dutch route to the Indies, Dampier passed betweenDirk Hartog Island and the Western Australian mainland into what he calledShark Bay on 6 August 1699. He landed and began producing the first known detailed record of Australian flora and fauna. The botanical drawings that were made are believed to be by his clerk, James Brand. Dampier then followed the coast north-east, reaching theDampier Archipelago andLagrange Bay, just south of what is now calledRoebuck Bay, all the while recording and collecting specimens, including many shells.[24] From there he bore northward forTimor. Then he sailed east and on 3 December 1699 rounded New Guinea, which he passed to the north. He traced the south-eastern coasts ofNew Hanover,New Ireland, andNew Britain,charting theDampier Strait between these islands (now theBismarck Archipelago) and New Guinea. En route, he paused to collect specimens such as giant clams.[25]
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By this time,Roebuck was in such bad condition that Dampier was forced to abandon his plan to examine the east coast of New Holland while less than a hundred miles from it. In danger of sinking, he attempted to make the return voyage to England, but the ship foundered atAscension Island on 21 February 1701.[11] While anchored offshore the ship began to take on more water and the carpenter could do nothing with theworm-eaten planking. As a result, the vessel had to be run aground. Dampier's crew was marooned there for five weeks before being picked up on 3 April by anEast Indiaman and returned home in August 1701.
Although many papers were lost withRoebuck, Dampier was able to save some new charts of coastlines, and his record oftrade winds andcurrents in the seas around Australia and New Guinea. He also preserved a few of his specimens. Many plant specimens were donated to theFielding-Druce Herbarium (part of theUniversity of Oxford), and in September 1999, they were then loaned to Western Australia for the 300 year celebration.[26]In 2001, theRoebuck wreck was located inClarence Bay, Ascension Island, by a team from theWestern Australian Maritime Museum.[27] Because of his widespread influence, and also because so little exists that can now be linked to him, it has been argued that the remains of his ship and the objects still at the site on Ascension Island – while the property of Britain and subject to the island government's management – are actually the shared maritime heritage of those parts of the world first visited or described by him.[28] His account of the expedition was published asA Voyage to New Holland in 1703.
On his return from theRoebuck expedition, Dampier wascourt-martialled forcruelty.[23] On the outward voyage, Dampier had hislieutenant, George Fisher, removed from the ship and jailed in Brazil. Fisher returned to England and complained about his treatment to the Admiralty. Dampier aggressively defended his conduct, but he was found guilty. His pay for the voyage was reduced, and he was dismissed from theRoyal Navy.
According to records held at theUK's National Archives,[29] the Royal Navy court martial held on 8 June 1702 involved the following three charges:
TheWar of the Spanish Succession had broken out in 1701, and English privateers were being readied to act against French and Spanish interests. Dampier was appointed commander of the 26-gun shipSt George, with a crew of 120 men. They were joined by the 16-gunCinque Ports with 63 men, and sailed on 11 September 1703 fromKinsale, Ireland.[30] The two ships made a storm-tossed passage round Cape Horn, arriving at theJuan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile in February 1704.[31] While watering and provisioning there, they sighted a heavily armed French merchantman, which they engaged in a seven-hour battle but were driven off.[32]
Dampier succeeded in capturing a number of small Spanish ships along the coast of Peru, but released them after removing only a fraction of their cargoes because he believed they "would be a hindrance to his greater designs."[33] The greater design he had in mind was a raid on Santa María, a town on theGulf of Panama rumoured to hold stockpiles of gold from nearby mines. When the force of seamen he led against the town met with unexpectedly strong resistance, however, he withdrew.[34] In May 1704,Cinque Ports separated from theSt George and, after puttingAlexander Selkirk ashore alone on an island for complaining about the vessel's seaworthiness, sank off the coast of what is today Colombia. Some of its crew survived being shipwrecked but were made prisoners of the Spanish.[35]
It was now left to theSt George to make an attempt on theManila galleon, the main object of the expedition. The ship was sighted on 6 December 1704, probablyNuestra Señora del Rosario. It was caught unprepared and had not run out its guns. But while Dampier and his officers argued over the best way to mount an attack, the galleon got its guns loaded and the battle was joined. TheSt George soon found itself out-sized by the galleon's18- and24-pounders, and, suffering serious damage, they were forced to break off the attack.[36]
The failure to capture the Spanish galleon completed the break-up of the expedition. Dampier, with about thirty men, stayed in theSt George, while the rest of the crew took a capturedbarque across the Pacific toAmboyna in theDutch settlements. The undermanned and worm-damagedSt George had to be abandoned on the coast of Peru. He and his remaining men embarked in a Spanishprize for the East Indies, where they were thrown into prison as pirates by their supposed allies the Dutch but later released.[37] Now without a ship, Dampier made his way back to England at the end of 1707.
In 1708, Dampier was engaged to serve on the privateerDuke, not as captain but as pilot.[23]Duke beat its way into the South Pacific Ocean round Cape Horn in consort with a second ship,Duchess.[38] Commanded byWoodes Rogers, this voyage was more successful: Selkirk was rescued on 2 February 1709,[39] and the expedition amassed £147,975[40] (equivalent to £27.8 million today)[41] worth of plundered goods. Most of that came from the capture of a Spanish galleon,Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño, along the coast of Mexico in December 1709.[42]
In January 1710, Dampier crossed the Pacific inDuke, accompanied byDuchess and two prizes. They stopped at Guam before arriving inBatavia. Following a refit at Horn Island (near Batavia) and the sale of one of their prize ships, they sailed for the Cape of Good Hope where they remained for more than three months awaiting aconvoy. They left the Cape in company with English ships, with Dampier now serving as sailing master ofEncarnación.[43] After a further delay at theTexel, they dropped anchor at theThames in London on 14 October 1711.[44]
Dampier may not have lived to receive all of his share of the expedition's gains.[40] He died in theParish of St Stephen Coleman Street, London.[45] The exact date and circumstances of his death, and his final resting place, are all unknown. He may have been buried in St Stephen’s Church, but the building was destroyed by bombing in 1940, and was not rebuilt. Dampier’s will was proven on 23 March 1715, and it is generally assumed he died earlier that month, but this is not known with any certainty.[46] His estate was almost £2,000 in debt.[47]
Dampier influenced several figures better known than he:
The following geographical places/features are named after William Dampier:
Below is a list of books written by William Dampier:
| External videos | |
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 Presentation by Diana and Michael Preston onA Pirate of Exquisite Mind, April 30, 2004,C-SPAN |
Media related toWilliam Dampier at Wikimedia Commons
