This page in a nutshell: About finding sources to support a specific Wikipedia article. For finding a source you have already identified, seeWikipedia:Find your source.
Independent andreliable sources are vital for creating encyclopedia articles. Reliable sources allow editors toverify that claims in an article areaccurate. The higher the quality of the source for the statement it backs up, the more likely that statement is to be accurate. Independent sources help editors to writeneutrally and to prove that the subject hasreceived note. Wherever possible, editors should aim to use sources that are independent and highly reliable for the subjects they write about.
Many of the best sources are not available online, or are only available under subscription. For example, many books are not available online at all, and subscription to academic databases such asJSTOR can be fairly expensive. However, it is possible to use the open web to find many good sources to use in writing encyclopedia articles. Examples of such sources are news stories from newspapers with a reputation for accuracy, books which have previews on digital libraries, and academic papers which are availableopen access inopen archives.
Magazine articles: short papers in popular or trade publications.
Newspaper articles ornews reports: writing or multimedia that discusses current events or editorial analysis.This page assesses the reliability of news content.
Reports and othergrey literature: a broad category that includes most government documents, conference proceedings, and other writings not provided by traditional publishers.
Theses anddissertations: works created as a requirement for the completion of an advanced postsecondary degree.This page describes some of the considerations in using these types of sources.
Websites, blogs and other user-generated sources: online content from a variety of authors/publishers. Reliability depends on the editorial control of the website.This page discusses issues with user-generated content.
DuckDuckGo or other generalsearch engines are effective for finding online sources in particular, but can also be used for some other kinds of sources depending on the topic area.This video outlines the fundamentals of "advanced search" techniques.
Internet Archive andGoogle Books index millions of books, both academic and popular; however, not all will be available in full text.
This video introduces the use of Internet Archive for research.
Several publishers make multiple editions of their books available through Google Books. Sometimes, Google initially returns a link only to the e-book edition, but that edition may include links to alternate hardcover or softcover editions which do have original pagination. Google Books limits previews of copyrighted books to a certain number of pages. It is possible to jump ahead to exhaust that number from a later starting page by editing the browser URL. For example, adding "&pg=PA100" will usually jump to page 100.WP:GBOOKS explains how to cite sources found through Google Books.
Installing theUnpaywall extension on your browser helps you find the full text of the articles wherever you found them.
WorldCat has millions of books and journal articles, and if you register for a free account, it will show you the closest libraries to you that have the source you are looking for. Some books and articles are available in full-text versions which you can view or borrow online.
Public or research libraries have both books and research databases, covering a wide variety of subject areas.Find yours.
Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources (WP:FENS) provides a list of text-searchable, free (no-pay, non-subscription/-membership/-login) online English newspaper sources.
Bibliographies on a topic outline the main scholarly sources in a subject area and provide a good starting point, where they are available.
Once you have found one good scholarly source, you can see what sources it cites and what cited it (citation chaining).This video describes citation chaining using Google Scholar.
To help find sources, Wikipedians have developed a number ofsource-finding templates which link to searches most likely to find references suitable for use in articles. The most well-known of these is{{find sources}}, an inline template which can be used almost anywhere. (Butplease don't use it in articles themselves.) This template allows editors to tweak search strings to find the best match for the subject; see thedocumentation for details. Alternatively, users who desire more freedom can use the meta-template{{find sources multi}}, which allows a choice of search engines.
For subjects that have several names or spellings, it may be desirable to use more than one search. This can be as simple as using several{{find sources}} templates.
...Support Open Access...