| Sogeram | |
|---|---|
| Sogeram River Wanang | |
| Geographic distribution | Near theSogeram River,Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | soge1235 |
TheSogeram languages are afamily of languages in theMadang stock of New Guinea. They are named after theSogeram River.[1]
In earlier classifications, such as that of Wurm, most of the Sogeram family were called "Wanang", after theWanang River. The exceptions were Faita, placed as a separate branch of the Southern Adelbert languages, and Mum–Sirva (then called the "Sikan" family), which were classified with the other branch, Josephstaal (Tomul River).
Daniels (2016) classifies the Sogeram languages in three branches, including some recently documented languages.[2]
Daniels (2017), following Pawley, resolves the issue ofGants by classifying it as East Sogeram, closest to Kursav though he refrains from claiming the two languages form a clade. He notes that the name "East Sogeram" is no longer geographically appropriate, as Gants would be the westernmost Sogeram language.[3]
Recently discoveredMagɨyi may also be a Sogeram language, with the forms of identified cognates closest to Mum.[4]
Because these languages form achain, where each influences its neighbors, the branching of the family is not clear. Usher divides the languages in nearly the same way, differing only in the placement of Manat:[1]
Below are Sogeram language names in Daniels (2015) compared to names listed in Z'graggen (1975), along with their respective meanings.[5]: 6
| Daniels (2015) | meaning | Z'graggen (1975) | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mand | ‘no’ | Atemple | village name |
| Nend | ‘no’ | Angaua | demonym |
| Manat | ‘no’ | Paynamar | village name |
| Apalɨ | ‘no’ | Emerum | village name |
| Mum | ‘what’ | Katiati | village name |
| Sirva | language name | Sileibi | village name? |
| Magɨ | ‘no’ | ||
| Aisi (Mabɨŋ) | ‘why (no)’ | Musak | village name |
| Kursav | language name | Faita | village name |
| Gants | language name | Gants | language name |
| Proto-Sogeram | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Sogeram languages |
Aphonological reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram has been proposed by Daniels (2015).[6]
Proto-Sogeram phonemic inventory according to Daniels (2015):[6]: 55
| *p | *t | *k | *kʷ <kw> | |
| *β <v> | *s | |||
| *m | *n | *ɲ <ñ> | *ŋ | |
| *r |
| *i | *ɨ | *u |
| *a |
Daniels (2017) reconstructs the pronouns as follows:[3]
| sg | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ya | *a-ra |
| 2 | *na | *na-ra |
| 3 | *nu/*nɨ | *nɨ-ra |
Compare Ross's proto-Madang singular pronouns *ya, *na, *nu/*ua.
Selected lexical reconstructions from Daniels (2015) are listed below.[6]: 360–392
| Proto-Sogeram | Gloss | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| *akwasa | betelnut | Areca catechu |
| *kari | betelnut | Areca catechu |
| *kasam | breadfruit | Artocarpus altilis |
| *kuimaŋ | coconut | Cocos nucifera |
| *mirkwa | cordyline | Cordyline fruticosa |
| *kunsa | yam | Dioscorea sp. |
| *mɨnta | sword grass | Imperata cylindrica |
| *mimpɨŋ | ironwood tree | Intsia bijuga |
| *makin | sago | Metroxylon sp. |
| *manɨŋ | banana | Musa sp. |
| *kamura | betel pepper | Piper betle |
| *akɨru | sugar | Saccharum officinarum |
| *sakai | bamboo | |
| *umai | bean | |
| *kɨñakw | paint tree | |
| *sukan | reed sp. |
| Proto-Sogeram | Gloss | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| *kɨñakuŋ | wattled brush-turkey | Aepypodius arfakianus |
| *siar | starling | Aplonis sp. |
| *kaiaŋki | sulphur-crested cockatoo | Cacatua galerita |
| *muiam | cassowary | Casuarius unappendiculatus |
| *ikakara | chicken | Gallus gallus |
| *kumpin | Victoria crowned pigeon | Goura victoria |
| *kwɨñaŋ | palm cockatoo | Probosciger aterrimus |
| *kukɨ | sago grub | Rhynchophorus ferrugineus |
| *aŋam | collared brush-turkey | Talegalla jobiensis |
| *kuyiv | bird-of-paradise | Paradisaeidae |
| *kariv | flying fox | Pteropus |
| *iŋkɨn | groundpossum | Phalangeridae |
| *muŋmi | bee | |
| *kapa | bird | |
| *apapara | butterfly | |
| *kuntar | centipede | |
| *mavra | crocodile | |
| *upri | dog | |
| *kɨmparam | eel | |
| *iau | fish | |
| *kukasa | frog | |
| *naŋram | frog | |
| *iman | louse | |
| *kamɨŋaua | millipede | |
| *ñaŋkur | mosquito | |
| *iran | parrot species | |
| *urir | parrot species | |
| *sampaN | pig | |
| *sar | snake | |
| *takwɨ | snake |
The following is a comparative table of reconstructed forms in Proto-Sogeram and Proto-Northern Adelbert.[7]: 472
| gloss | Proto-Sogeram | Proto-Northern Adelbert |
|---|---|---|
| breast | *aman ‘breast’ | *men ‘breast’ |
| cook in pot | *imu ‘put in pot’ | *im- ‘boil, cook in pot’ |
| see | *iŋka ‘see, perceive’ | *ag- ‘see’ |
| turn | *ir, irɨ- ‘turn, spin’ | *girik- ‘turn’ |
| fight | *kira ‘fight’ | *war- ‘hit, fight’ |
| bow | *kɨmi ‘bow’ | *kemi ‘bow’ |
| die | *kɨmu ‘die’ | *um- ‘die’ |
| walk, go | *kɨnta ‘walk’ | *iduw- ‘go’ |
| root | *kɨntɨr ‘root’ | *durun ‘root’ |
| roast | *kra ‘roast’ | *id- ‘roast’ |
| arm, hand | *kuman ‘arm, hand’ | *waben ‘arm, hand’ |
| centipede | *kuntar ‘centipede’ | *wisir ‘centipede’ |
| egg | *maŋka ‘egg’ | *munag ‘egg’ |
| husband | *-mum ‘husband’ | *muŋ ‘husband, man’ |
| eat | *ña ‘eat’ | *an- ‘eat’ |
| heavy, weight | *pɨm ‘weight’ | *bin ‘heavy’ |
| snake | *takwɨ ‘snake’ | *duag ‘snake’ |
| heart, liver | *umpaŋ ‘heart’ | *gemaŋ ‘liver’ |
| call | *ura ‘call out’ | *par- ‘call’ |
