Avisionary, defined broadly, is one who can envision the future. For some groups, visioning can involve thesupernatural.
Though visionaries may face accusations of hallucinating,[1]people may succeed in reaching a visionary state viameditation,[2]lucid dreams,daydreams, orart. One example of a visionary isHildegard of Bingen, a 12th-century artist andCatholicsaint.[3] Other visionaries in religion include St Bernadette (1844-1879) andJoseph Smith (1805-1844), said to have had visions of and to have communed with theBlessed Virgin and theAngel Moroni, respectively. There is also the case of theTargum Jonathan, which was produced in antiquity and served as thetargum to theNevi'im. It described the significance of theturban or adiadem to indicate a capability on the part ofJewish priests to become agents of visionary experience.[4]
Robert Jarvik has suggested: "Leaders are visionaries with a poorly developed sense of fear and no concept of the odds against them."[5]
A vision can be political, religious, environmental, social, or technological in nature. By extension, a visionary can also be a person with a clear, distinctive, and specific (in some details) vision of the future, usually connected with advances intechnology or social/political arrangements. For example,Ted Nelson is referred to as a visionary in connection with theInternet.[6]
Other visionaries simply imagine what does not yet exist but might someday, as some forms of "visioning" (or gazing) provide a glimpse into the possible future. Therefore, visioning can mean seeing in autopian way what does not yet exist on earth—but might exist in another realm—such as theideal or perfect realm as imagined or thought. Examples areBuckminster Fuller inarchitecture anddesign,Malcolm Bricklin in the automobile industry andAda Lovelace in computing. Some people usemathematics to make visionary discoveries in the nature of theuniverse. In that sense, a visionary may also function as a secularprophet. Some visionaries emphasizecommunication, and some assume a figurehead role in organizing a social group. In other words, a visionary means that a person can see what something could be long before it actually happens.
The ability to get a clear picture of the future is the reason the concept is also used in the business field to denote a leader who is able to anticipate future opportunities. For instance, there is the case of the American entrepreneurSteve Jobs who is often called a visionary[7][8] because he was ahead of his time, implementing new ideas that are pioneering in the technology field.Management experts do not equate this as an uncanny ability to predict the future but a capability of viewing the world differently, which allows an individual to identify patterns, trends, and opportunities.[8] Some conceive it as the ability to form a picture of what they want of the future and make it happen.[9]
There are authors who consider the concept of the visionary as one that is constituted by a set of acquired skills and, thus, a state that can be learned. For this reason, there are now training and educational programs that promise its learners that they can become visionary leaders. This is demonstrated by a growing body of literature that cites techniques, which can be obtained from courses in visionary thinking, for a person to reach beyond illusory boundaries.[10]
Artists may produce work loosely categorized asvisionary art for itsluminous content and/or for its use of artistic techniques that call for the use of extended powers ofperception in the viewer: (e.g.Gustave Moreau,Samuel Palmer,Jean Delville,Ernst Fuchs, the FrenchSymbolistOdilon Redon,Brion Gysin,Max Ernst,Stanley Spencer,Edward Burne-Jones,Adolf Wolfli,Fred Sandback,William Blake,Hieronymus Bosch, andHenry Darger).
Visionary art can be incorrectly defined as a category ofprimitive art (art of those not formally trained) rather than describing people who have used their visions (or dreams) to create theirpaintings.Salvador Dalí is one artist who would exemplify visionary art that is neitherreligious nor primitive.
In 1838 [...] Esquirol stated that 'A person is said to labour under a hallucination, or to be a visionary, who has a thorough conviction of the perception of a sensation, when no external object, suited to excite this sensation, has impressed the senses'.
In theChan Essentials andMethods for Curing [...] the meditator's journey is not psychological butvisionary. [...] Successful meditation, as depicted here, is primarily an elaborate visionary journey.
