45°26′43″N12°19′35″E / 45.44528°N 12.32639°E /45.44528; 12.32639
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TheVenetian Ghetto was the area ofVenice in whichJews were forced to live by the government of theVenetian Republic. The English wordghetto is derived from the Jewish ghetto in Venice. The Venetian Ghetto was instituted on 29 March 1516 by decree ofDogeLeonardo Loredan and theVenetian Senate. It was not the first time that Jews in Venice were compelled to live in a segregated area of the city.[1] In 1555, Venice had 160,208 inhabitants, including 923 Jews, who were mainly merchants.[2]
Between 1541 and 1633, the Ghetto Vecchio and Ghetto Nuovo were made to accommodate the increase in Jewish immigration, but the total number of Jews in Italy did not exceed 25,000. The Jewish community in Venice did not exceed 5,000 until the early seventeenth century.[3]
In 1797, theFrenchArmy of Italy, commanded by the 28-year-old GeneralNapoleon Bonaparte, occupied Venice,forced the Venetian Republic to dissolve itself on 12 May 1797, and ended the ghetto's separation from the city on the 11th of July of the same year. In the 19th century, the ghetto was renamed theContrada dell'unione.
The origins of the nameghetto (ghèto in theVenetian language) are disputed. Among the theories are:
TheOxford University Press etymologistAnatoly Liberman 2009 reviewed many theories and concluded that all were speculative.[8]
HistorianDonatella Calabi argued in the documentaryVenice and the Ghetto (2017,Klaus T. Steindl) thatghetto comes from the Italian wordgettare [dʒet·ˈta:·re] which means "throw away", because the area was before then a waste dump for foundries. The first Jewish arrivals were German and they pronounced the word [ˈɡɛto]—the spelling followed ("h" after "g" changes [dʒ] to [ˈɡ]). The same opinion was published in her bookVenezia e il ghetto. Cinquecento anni del "recinto deli ebrei".[9] Marcella Ansaldi, director of the Jewish Museum of Venice, endorses this theory in a history video.[10]
The author ofGhetto: The History of a Word, Daniel B. Schwartz, endorses the theories that the termghetto did not emerge as a result of Jewish resident segregation, but rather, that the word is a relic of a history that preceded the arrival of the Jewish residents. Schwartz states that the strongest argument in support of this is how the original area to which Jews were restricted was called the Ghetto Nuovo, and not the Ghetto Vecchio. "Were it otherwise, one would expect that the first site of the Jewish enclosure would have been known as the 'Old Ghetto' and the subsequent addition as the 'New Ghetto.'"[11]
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The Ghetto is an area of theCannaregiosestiere of Venice, divided into theGhetto Nuovo ("New Ghetto"), and the adjacentGhetto Vecchio ("Old Ghetto"). These names of the ghetto sections are misleading, as they refer to an older and newer site at the time of their use by the foundries: in terms of Jewish residence, the Ghetto Nuovo is actually older than the Ghetto Vecchio. The ghetto was connected to the rest of the city by two bridges that were only open during the day. Gates were opened in the morning at the ringing of themarangona, the largest bell in St. Mark's "Campanile" (belfry), and locked in the evening. Permanent, round-the-clock surveillance of the gates occurred at the Jewish residents' expense.[12] Strict penalties were to be imposed on any Jewish resident caught outside after curfew.[12] Areas of Ghetto Nuovo that were open to the canal were to be sealed off with walls, while outward facing quays were to be bricked over in order to make it impossible for unauthorized entry or exit.[12] The area that was considered to beGhetto Vecchio later on, was once an area where Christians lived and once the Christians relocated, the area became available for non-Venetian Jewish merchants to stay while working in the city temporarily.[13]
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Though it was home to a large number of Jews, the population living in the Venetian Ghetto never assimilated to form a distinct, "Venetian Jewish" ethnicity. Four of the five synagogues were clearly divided according to ethnic identity: separate synagogues existed for theGerman (theScuola Grande Tedesca),Italian (theScuola Italiana),Spanish and Portuguese (theScuola Spagnola), andLevantineSephardi communities (theScuola Levantina). The fifth, theScuola Canton, was possibly built as a private synagogue and also served the Venetian Ashkenazi community. Today, there are also other populations ofAshkenazic Jews in Venice, mainlyLubavitchers who operate a kosher food store, a yeshiva, and a Chabad synagogue.
Languages historically spoken in the confines of the Ghetto includeVenetian,Judeo-Italian,Judeo-Spanish,French, andYiddish.[citation needed] In addition,Hebrew was traditionally (and still is) used on signage, inscriptions, and for official purposes such as wedding contracts (as well as, of course, in religious services). Today, English is widely used in the shops and the Museum because of the large number of English-speaking tourists.
A large portion of the culture of the Venetian Ghetto was the struggle that existed for Jews to travel outside of the ghetto, especially for employment purposes. Life in the Venetian Ghetto was very restricted, and movement of Jews outside of the ghetto was difficult. Inspired by lives of Jewish merchants outside of Venice, Rodriga, a prominent Jewish Spanish merchant, took on the role of advocating for Venetian Jews to have rights similar to others in different locations. Rodriga cited that Jews played a part in the Italian economy which could not be ignored. In return for the changing of Jewish restrictions, Rodriga promised that the Venetian economy and commerce would increase.[14]
Today, the Ghetto is still a center of Jewish life in the city. The Jewish community of Venice,[15] which numbers around 450 people, is culturally active. However, only a few Jews actually live in the Ghetto because the area has become expensive.[16][17][18]
Every year, there is an international conference on Hebrew Studies, with particular reference to the history and culture of theVeneto. Other conferences, exhibitions and seminars are held throughout the year.
The temples not only serve as places of worship but also provide lessons on the sacred texts and theTalmud for both children and adults, along with courses in Modern Hebrew, while other social facilities include a kindergarten, an old people's home, the kosher guest house Rimon Place, the kosher restaurant Ba Ghetto Venezia, and the bakery Volpe. Along with its architectural and artistic monuments, the community also boasts a Museum of Jewish Art, the Renato Maestro Library and Archive and the new Info Point inside the Midrash Leon da Modena.
In the Ghetto area there is also ayeshiva, severalJudaica shops, and aChabad synagogue run byChabad of Venice.[19] Although few Venetian Jews still live in the Ghetto,[20] many return there during the day forreligious services at the two synagogues still actively used for worship (the other three are only used for guided tours, offered by the Jewish Community Museum).
Chabad of Venice also runs a pastry shop and a restaurant named "Gam Gam" in the Ghetto.Sabbath meals are served at the restaurant's outdoor tables along theCannaregio Canal with views of theGuglie Bridge near theGrand Canal.[21][22][23][24] In the novelMuch Ado About Jesse Kaplan, the restaurant is the site of a historical mystery.[25] Canal boats carrying asukkah and amenorah tour the city annually during the festivals ofSukkot andHanukkah, respectively.[26]
Notable residents of the Ghetto have includedLeon of Modena, whose family originated in France, as well as his discipleSara Copia Sullam. She was an accomplished writer, debater (through letters), and even hosted her ownsalon.Meir Magino, the famous glassmaker also came from the ghetto.
After Friday night prayers in one of the historic but melancholy-looking synagogues, we went off to Gam-Gam (with its Crown Heights decor), where we experienced an evening of charm, warmth, and song. Maybe you have to be a member of the tribe to appreciate how good it feels to be gazing at a Venetian canal while singing Friday-night zemirot in the company of 150 Jews of all stripes, lands, and levels of affiliation, enjoying a free, bountiful meal waited upon by rabbis-in-training.
Media related toGhetto (Venice) at Wikimedia Commons
