| Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim | |
|---|---|
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| Genus | Papilionanthe |
| Hybrid parentage | Papilionanthe teres (Vanda teres) ×Papilionanthe hookeriana (Vanda hookeriana) |
| Grex | Miss Joaquim |
| Origin | Singapore |
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Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim, also known as theSingapore orchid, thePrincess Aloha orchid, and commonly known by its original nameVanda Miss Joaquim, is a hybridorchid (agrex) that is thenational flower ofSingapore.[1] For its resilience and year-round blooming quality,[2] it was chosen on 15 April 1981 to represent Singapore's uniqueness andhybrid culture. This orchid is the first registered plant hybrid from Singapore.[3]
In the June 1893Gardeners' Chronicle, then scientific director of theSingapore Botanic GardenHenry Nicholas Ridley announced that a few years prior, Ashkhen Hovakimian (Agnes Joaquim), "...a lady residing in Singapore, well known for her success as a horticulturist, succeeded in crossingVanda hookeriana Rchb. f., andV. teres, two plants cultivated in almost every garden in Singapore."[4][5] A decorated horticulturalist from a family with a strong interest in plants, Joaquim won about 70 awards "...for cultivating varied specimens such as radishes, custard apples, dahlias and begonias in Singapore between 1881 and 1899,"[6] andVanda Miss Joaquim would win first prize for the rarest orchid in a reportedly crowded field[7] at Singapore's 1899 Flower Show.[8] Miss Agnes Joaquim did not exhibit VMJ until long after it came into being and the award was for the rarest (only rarest, nothing else) orchid. The great majority of orchid scientists and experts do not accept the theory strongly favored by a someone who is not an orchid expert that Miss Agnes Joaquim intentionally made the cross which produced VMJ. The orchid experts accept a report by Miss Joaquim's nephew that she found the plant in a clump of bamboo. This nephew was present when in happened (for a detailed accound see Arditti and Hew, 2007 which contains full details an many citations.
Joaquim was likely encouraged to take the orchid to Ridley by her younger brother Joseph P. Joaquim, "a prominent lawyer, horticulturist and member of the Botanic Gardens Committee",[6] and she or possibly her brother showed the plant to Ridley in early 1893.[9] A specimen sheet from the Gardens recording the artificial hybrid is dated April 1893.[6][10]
On 15 April 1981, Singapore Minister for CultureS. Dhanabalan proclaimed the species to be Singapore's national flower.[11]
In 2016, theNational Parks Board andNational Heritage Board of Singapore officially acknowledged Joaquim created the orchid[6] after an NHB "review of all historical source materials" rejected persistent claims that the plant actually came about as a natural hybrid.[9]
The scientific name as of 2019 isPapilionanthe Miss Joaquim, as both parent species are now placed in the genusPapilionanthe.[12]
Vanda Miss Joaquim is a cross between the BurmeseVanda teres (now calledPapilionanthe teres) and the MalayanVanda hookeriana (now calledPapilionanthe hookeriana). Though in the original crossing no record was kept of which of the two species originally produced the seeds and which one provided the pollen, DNA sequences from maternally inheritedchloroplast DNA have been used to determine that the pod parent wasP. teres var.andersonii and, by exclusion, the pollen parent isP. hookeriana.[13]
It is afree-flowering plant and each inflorescence can bear up to 12 buds, and usually 4 flower blossom at a time. Each flower measures 5 cm across and 6 cm tall.[14] The petals are twisted such that the back surface faces the front like its parents. The two petals on the top and the top sepal are rosy-violet, while the 2 lateral sepals on the lower half are pale mauve. The large and board lip of the orchid which looks like a fan is colored violet-rose, and merges into a contrasting fiery orange that are finely spotted with dark purple center.
Papilionanthe 'Miss Joaquim' is a robust sun loving plant that requires heavy fertilizing, vertical support to enable it to grow straight and tall along with free air movement and high humidity. It starts blossoming after its stem rises 40 to 50 cm[15] above the support.
