| Fever tree | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Subfamily: | Caesalpinioideae |
| Clade: | Mimosoid clade |
| Genus: | Vachellia |
| Species: | V. xanthophloea |
| Binomial name | |
| Vachellia xanthophloea (Benth.) P. J. H. Hurter[2] | |
| Synonyms | |
Acacia xanthophloeaBenth. | |
Vachellia xanthophloea (previouslyAcacia xanthophloea) is a tree in the familyFabaceae, commonly known in English as thefever tree.[3] This species ofVachellia is native to eastern and southern Africa (Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe). It has also become a landscape tree in other warm climates, outside of its natural range.
The trees grow to a height of 15–25 m (49–82 ft). The characteristic bark is smooth, powdery and greenish yellow, although new twigs are purple, flaking later to reveal the characteristic yellow.[4] It is one of the few trees wherephotosynthesis takes place in thebark. Straight, white spines grow from the branch nodes in pairs. The leaves are twice compound, with small leaflets (8 mm × 2 mm or 0.3 in × 0.1 in). The flowers are produced in scented pale cream spherical inflorescences, clustered at the nodes and towards the ends of the branches. The pale brown pods contain 5–10 elliptical, flattened green seeds and are 5–19 cm (2.0–7.5 in) long, straight, flat and rather papery, the segments are mostly longer than they are wide, often breaking up to form small clusters of segments each containing an individual seed. As the pods mature they change colour from green to pale greyish brown.[4]
Fever trees are fast growing and short lived. They have a tendency to occur as single-aged stands, and are subject to stand-level diebacks that have been variously attributed to elephants, water tables, and synchronous senescence.[5][6][7][8]
The namexanthophloea is derived fromGreek and means "yellow bark" (ξανθός "yellow, golden"; φλοιός "bark"). The common name,fever tree, comes from its tendency to grow in swampy areas: early European settlers in the region noted thatmalarial fever was contracted in areas with these trees. It is now understood that malarial fever is spread bymosquitos living in the swampy areas that often support this tree species, and not by the tree species itself. This is because mosquitos often lay eggs in moist swampy areas, which they need blood to do.[9]
Vachellia xanthophloea is found growing near swamps, riverine forests or on lake shores, in semi-evergreen bush land and woodland where there is a high groundwater table. In seasonally flooded areas it often forms dense single species stands.[4]
The leaves and pods are used to provide food for livestock while the young branches and foliage are eaten byAfrican elephants whilegiraffe andvervet monkeys eat the pods and leaves. The flowers are used for foraging by bees and provides favoured nesting sites for birds. Like other acacias andFabaceae it is a nitrogen fixer, so improves soil fertility.[4] The gum is part of the diet of theSenegal bushbaby (Galago senegalensis) especially in the dry season.[10]
Butterflies recorded as feeding onVachellia xanthophloea in Kenya included the Kikuyu ciliate blue (Anthene kikuyu), Pitman's hairtail (Anthene pitmani), common ciliate blue (Anthene definita), African babul blue (Azanus jesous), Victoria's bar (Cigaritis victoriae) and common zebra blue (Leptotes pirithous). In addition 30 species of largermoths have been recorded as feeding on this tree.[11]
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Vachellia xanthophloea are planted next to dams and streams on farms to control soil erosion, as a live fence or hedge and in ornamental planting for shade and shelter in amenity areas.Vachellia xanthophloea is often planted as a source of firewood, but its gummy sap leaves a thick, black, tarlike residue when burnt. The valuable timber ofVachellia xanthophloea is pale reddish brown with a hard, heavy texture, and, because it is liable to crack, it should be seasoned before use. The timber is used to make poles and posts.[4]
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In Australia,Vachellia xanthophlea is a prohibited invasive plant in the state ofQueensland under the Biosecurity Act 2014, under which it must not be given away, sold, or released into the environment without a permit. The act further requires that all sightings ofVachellia xanthophlea are to be reported to the appropriate authorities within 24 hours and that within Queensland everyone is obliged to take all reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risk ofVachellia xanthophlea spreading until they have received advice from an authorised officer. Thus far it has only been found in a few gardens and not in the "wild".[12] It is also a "declared pest" inWestern Australia.[13]
These trees are immortalized byRudyard Kipling in one of hisJust So Stories, "The Elephant's Child", wherein he repeatedly refers to "the great grey-green, greasyLimpopo River, all set about with fever-trees".[14]
This tree has been used for thousands of years by African tribes as adivination tool. Bark from this tree and four other herbs includingSilene capensis (African dream root) andSynaptolepis kirkii are boiled into a brew. This is taken to induce lucid dreams, which they call "white paths". Before going to sleep a question is asked that will be answered in their dreams. Medicinally, the roots and a powder made from bark stripped from the trunk are used as an emetic and as aprophylactic against malaria.[4]
