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| Universal Carrier | |
|---|---|
_9-08-2008_14-53-48_(2).JPG) preserved Universal Carrier as mortar carrier, 2008 | |
| Type | Infantry mobility vehicle / weapon carrier |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| Used by | United Kingdom British Commonwealth France |
| Wars | |
| Production history | |
| No. built | 113,000 |
| Specifications (Universal Carrier, Mk 1) | |
| Mass |
|
| Length | 12 ft (3.66 m)[1] |
| Width | 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)[1] |
| Height | 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) |
| Crew | 3 |
| Armour | 7–10 mm |
Main armament | Bren light machine gun / Boys anti-tank rifle |
Secondary armament | oneVickers machine gun / M2 Browning machine gun / 2-inch mortar/3-inch mortar / Projector, Infantry, Anti-Tank |
| Engine | 3.9-litre (238 cu in)Ford V8petrol[2] 85 hp (63 kW) at 3,500 rpm[2] |
| Suspension | Horstmann |
| Fuel capacity | 20 imp gal (91 L)[1] |
Operational range | 150 mi (240 km)[2] |
| Maximum speed | 30 mph (48 km/h)[2] |
TheUniversal Carrier, a development of the earlierBren Gun Carrier from itslight machine gun armament,[3] was one of a family of light armouredtracked vehicles built byVickers-Armstrongs and other companies.
The first carriers – the Bren Gun Carrier and the Scout Carrier which had specific roles – entered service before the war, but a single improved design that could replace these, the Universal, was introduced in 1940.
The vehicle was used widely byBritish Commonwealth forces during theSecond World War. Universal Carriers were usually used for transporting personnel and equipment, mostly support weapons, or asmachine gun platforms.
The origins of the Universal Carrier family can be traced back generally to theCarden Loyd tankettes family, which was developed in the 1920s, and specifically the Mk VI tankette.[4]
In 1934, Vickers-Armstrongs produced, as a commercial venture, a light tracked vehicle that could be used either to carry a machine gun or to tow a lightfield gun. The VA.D50 had an armoured box at the front for driver and a gunner and bench seating at the back for the gun crew. The War Office considered it as a possible replacement for theirVickers "Light Dragon" artillery tractors and took 69 as the "Light Dragon Mark III".[a] One was built as the "Carrier, Machine-Gun Experimental (Armoured)", carrying a machine gun and its crew. The decision was made to drop the machine gun and its team and the next design had a crew of three—driver and gunner in the front, third crew-member on the left in the rear and the right rear open for storage. Fourteen of this design were built in mild steel as "Carrier, Machine-Gun No 1 Mark 1" and entered service in 1936. Six were converted into pilot models for the Machine gun Carrier No.2, Cavalry Carrier and Scout Carrier designs – the remainder were used for training.[5]
The carrier put the driver and commander at the front sitting side by side; the driver to the right. TheFord V8 sidevalve engine with four speed gearbox was placed in the centre of the vehicle with the final drive (a commercial Ford axle[6]) at the rear. The suspension and running gear were based on that used on theVickers light tank series usingHorstmann springs.[7] Directional control was through a vertical steering wheel which pivoted about a horizontal axis. Small turns moved the crosstube that carried the front road wheel bogies laterally, warping the track so the vehicle drifted to that side. Further movement of the wheel braked the appropriate track to give a tighter turn.
The hull in front of the commander's position jutted forward to give room for theBren light machine gun (or other armaments) to fire through a simple slit. To either side of the engine was an area in which passengers could sit or stores could be carried. Initially, there were several types of Carrier that varied slightly in design according to their purpose: "Medium Machine Gun Carrier" (theVickers machine gun), "Bren Gun Carrier", "Scout Carrier" and "Cavalry Carrier". The production of a single model came to be preferred and the Universal design appeared in 1940; this was the most widely produced of the carriers. It differed from the previous models in that the rear section of the body had a rectangular shape, with more space for the crew.
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Production of carriers began in 1934 and ended in 1960.[2] Before the Universal design was introduced, the vehicles were produced byAveling and Porter,Bedford Vehicles,Ford of Britain,Morris Motors Limited, theSentinel Waggon Works, and theThornycroft company. With the introduction of the Universal, production in the UK was undertaken byAveling-Barford, Ford, Sentinel, Thornycroft, andWolseley Motors. By 1945 production amounted to approximately 57,000 of all models, including some 2,400 early ones.
The Universal Carriers, in different variants, were also produced in allied countries.Ford Motor Company of Canada manufactured about 29,000 vehicles known as the Ford C01UC Universal Carrier. Smaller numbers of them were also produced in Australia (about 5,000), where hulls were made in several places in Victoria and bySouth Australian Railways workshops in Adelaide, South Australia. About 1,300 were also produced in New Zealand.
Universal Carriers were manufactured in the United States for allied use with GAE and GAEA V-8 Ford engines.[8] About 20,000 were produced.
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The Universal Carrier was ubiquitous in all the theatres during the Second World War with British and Commonwealth armies,[9] from thewar in the East to theoccupation of Iceland.[10] Although the theory and policy was that the carrier was a "fire power transport" and the crew would dismount to fight, practice differed. It could carry machine guns, anti-tank rifles, mortars, infantrymen, supplies, artillery and observation equipment.[9]
The seven mechanized divisional cavalry regiments in theBritish Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France during 1939–1940 were equipped with Scout Carriers – 44 carriers and 28light tanks in each regiment. There were 10 Bren Carriers in each infantry battalion in the same period.[11]
TheReconnaissance Corps regiments – which replaced the cavalry regiments in supporting Infantry divisions after 1940 – were each equipped with 63 carriers, along with 28Humber scout cars.
Universal Carriers were issued to the support companies in infantry riflebattalions for carrying support weapons (initially 10,[12] 21 by 1941,[13] and up to 33 per battalion by 1943[14]). A British armoured division of 1940–41 had 109 carriers; each motor battalion had 44.[15]
A British Carrier platoon originally had ten Universal Carriers with three carrier sections of three Universal Carriers each plus another Universal Carrier in the platoon HQ (along with a 15-cwt GS truck). Each Universal Carrier had anon-commissioned officer (NCO), a rifleman and a driver-mechanic. One Universal Carrier in each section was commanded by a sergeant, the other two by corporals.
All the Universal Carriers were armed with a Bren gun and one carrier in each carrier section also had aBoys anti-tank rifle. By 1941, the carrier platoon had increased in strength to contain four carrier sections; one carrier in each carrier section also carried a2-inch mortar.
By 1943, each Universal Carrier had a crew of four, an NCO, driver-mechanic and two riflemen. The Boys anti-tank rifle was also replaced by thePIAT anti-tank weapon. The Universal Carrier's weapons could be fired from in- or outside the carrier. A carrier platoon had a higher number of light support weapons than a rifle company.
| Task | Rank | Weapon | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Orderly | Private | Sten | Equipped with a motorcycle |
| Carrier 1 | |||
| Commander | Sergeant | Rifle | |
| Driver-mechanic | Private | Rifle | |
| Gunner | Private | Bren | |
| Rifleman | Lance corporal | Rifle | No.38 Wireless set |
| Carrier 2 | |||
| Commander | Corporal | Rifle | |
| Driver-mechanic | Private | Rifle | |
| Gunner | Private | Bren | |
| Rifleman | Private | Rifle | 2-inch mortar with 36 rounds |
| Carrier 3 | |||
| Commander | Corporal | Rifle | |
| Driver-mechanic | Private | Rifle | |
| Gunner | Private | Bren | |
| Rifleman | Private | Rifle and PIAT | |
To allow the Universal to function as anartillery tractor in emergencies, a towing attachment that could allow it to haul theOrdnance QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun was added from 1943. Normally theLoyd Carrier – which was also used as a general utility carrier – acted as the tractor for the 6-pdr.[1]
In Motorised Infantry Battalions in theBritish Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in the early 1950s the Universal was issued one per platoon carrying the Platoon Commander, driver, signaller and the 2-inch Mortar group Nos 1 & 2.
Universal and the earlier Bren carriers were used by Australian Army units in theWestern Desert campaign.[16]
Australian Universal Carriers were deployed to the Western Desert, Egypt during August 1942 serving as command vehicles for the9th Divisional Cavalry Regiment.[17]
Captured Universal Carriers were used in various roles by German forces.
A total of around sixty Bren No.2 Carriers andBelgian Army Vickers Utility Tractors were converted into demolition vehicles. Carrying a large explosive charge, these would be driven up to enemy positions under remote control and detonated, destroying both themselves and the target. Twenty-nine of both kinds were deployed in 1942 during theSiege of Sevastopol. They achieved some success in destroying Soviet trenches and bunkers, but a significant number were destroyed by artillery. Others were disabled byland mines before reaching their target or were lost because of mechanical breakdowns. A difficulty for the Germans using these foreign-built vehicles was the lack of spare parts.[18]
The widespread production of the Carrier allowed for several variants to be developed, manufactured and/or used by different countries.
An attempted conversion to self-propelled artillery consisting of a single T16 carrier fitted with a six-Model 1968 recoilless gun mount was developed in the late 1960s or early 1970s.[citation needed]
The Praying Mantis came from an attempt to produce a low-silhouette vehicle that could still fire over obstacles. A one-man design based on Carden Loyd suspension was not adopted, but the inventor was encouraged to design a two-man version. This version was built in 1943, based on the Universal Carrier. The hull was replaced with an enclosed metal-box structure with enough room for a driver and a gunner lying prone. This box, pivoting from the rear, could be elevated. At the top end was a machine-gun turret (with two Bren guns). The intention was to drive the Mantis up to a wall or hedgerow, elevate the gun, and fire over the obstacle from a position of safety. It was rejected after trials in 1944.[21] An example of the Mantis is preserved inThe Tank Museum.
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American production of the Universal followed the same design as the British Marks I to III[19]
In 1942, at the request of theItalian Army (Regio Esercito),Fiat produced a prototype carrier copied from a captured Universal Carrier; it was known as theFiat 2800 or CVP-4. It is uncertain whether production vehicles were manufactured.[citation needed] Bren carriers captured by the Italians in the field were often fitted withBreda M37 machine guns.[26]
Many variants of the British Universal Carrier have been fielded and used by the armed forces of the following countries, amongst many others:
Australia[15]
Belgium (used byin-exile Belgian forces in the Middle Eastern regions during the war, after the country was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940)[citation needed]
Canada[27]
China: 1,500 UCs supplied by Australia during the war,[15] with a sizeable number of these (about 400) being 3-inch mortar-carrier versions.[23] The pro-JapaneseCollaborationist Chinese Army also received carriers captured in Singapore by the Japanese.[28]
Czechoslovakia Mk.Is used by Czechoslovak battalion 11 in the Middle East, Mk.Is, Mk.IIs, Mk.IIIs,[29] Mortars used by Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade in UK and Western Europe, 15 UCs Mk.II received from the USSR - served in I Corps of the Czechoslovak Army-in-exile on theEastern Front)[citation needed]
France: used byFree French Forces[30]
Nazi Germany (by the German Wehrmacht, which operated a small number of carriers captured mainly from the UK)
Japan: captured vehicles, many of them seized afterthe capture of Singapore.
Greece (fielded byFree Greek troops following the country's fall to Nazi German occupation in the Middle East, like the exiled Belgian military forces)[10]
Azad Hind: TheIndian National Army received carriers captured byJapan after the fall of Singapore.[28]
Ireland: 26 Mk. I carriers received in 1940 and 200 Mk. II carriers from 1943 to 1945.[31] Still in service in the 1960s.[32]
Kingdom of Italy: a few captured UCs used by theRegio Esercito unit of the Italian Army[33] and one locally produced copy (theFiat 2800)
Dutch government-in-exile: used by theRoyal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade.[34]
Philippines: operated by theSecond Regular Division during theBattle of Bataan.
Poland: operated by the in-exilePolish Armed Forces in the West[35]
Portugal: the Portuguese Army received more than 178 universal carriers from 1942.
United Kingdom (the main operator in WWII)
United States (57 UCs en route for Canadian troop units in Hong Kong were in the Philippines when the Japanese invaded both Hong Kong and the Philippines, with 40 UCs taken over and operated by the US 1st Provisional Tank Group[36])
Soviet Union (received 200[15] before the end of 1941 and 2,560 Universal Carriers and similarLoyd Carriers starting from then until the end of WWII in 1945[37])
Thailand (118 UCs operated in 1944, possibly supplied (covertly) by the UK)[citation needed]
Yugoslav Partisans[38]
New Zealand[39]
Afghanistan[41]
Argentina (250, including T-16s, supplied by the UK between 1946 and 1950)[42]
Biafra (very likely obtained from a French trader, with some converted and modified locally with extra armour)[43]
Ceylon (former British stocks, which were retired from frontline service in the 1960s)
Costa Rica
Denmark (some were armed with aM40 recoilless rifle)[32]
Egypt[32] (possibly provided by departing British forces from the Middle East) France (small numbers used by the French expeditionary corps, theCEFEO, fighting in Indochina[44])
Indonesia (small numbers of ex-Japanese stocks were captured and used by thePeople's Security Army during theBattle of Surabaya)[40]
Israel[32] (received many from withdrawing British troops in Palestine, aside from buying them from the scrapyards of various European countries after WWII and capturing them from Egypt between their conflicts)
Kuwait (former British stocks, which were retired from frontline service in 1961)[citation needed]
Federal Republic of Germany (the Bundeswehr received 100 ex-British UCs in 1956)[32] The Netherlands: a number operated following WWII (possibly ex-British UCs), especially in the independence war in their former colony of Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) between 1945 and 1949, as part of the Indonesian National Revolution. A small number were lost and subsequently taken over by the new Indonesian Republic's military.
Sweden (at least two were unofficially used by Home Guard units during the 1950s)[45]
Switzerland (used and fielded predominantly US-built T16 versions of the Universal Carrier up until possibly the early 1960s)[citation needed]
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