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Union of Burma ပြည်ထောင်စုမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် (Burmese) Pranyhtaungcu Mranma Nuingngamtau | |||||||||
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| 1948–1962 | |||||||||
| Motto: သမဂ္ဂါနံ တပေါ သုခေါ (Pali) Sa.ma.ganam ta.pau: su.hkau: "Happiness through harmony" | |||||||||
| Anthem: ကမ္ဘာမကြေ (Burmese) Ka.bha ma. kye "Till the End of the World" | |||||||||
_ASEAN.svg) | |||||||||
| Capital | Rangoon | ||||||||
| Official languages | Burmese | ||||||||
| Recognised languages | English[a] | ||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism (majority;state religion from 1961)[1][2] | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Burmese | ||||||||
| Government | Unitarydominant-party parliamentary republic | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1948–1952 (first) | Sao Shwe Thaik | ||||||||
• 1957–1962 (last) | Win Maung | ||||||||
| Prime minister | |||||||||
• 1948–1956 (first) | U Nu | ||||||||
• 1960–1962 (last) | U Nu | ||||||||
| Legislature | Union Parliament | ||||||||
| Chamber of Nationalities | |||||||||
| Chamber of Deputies | |||||||||
| Historical era | Cold War | ||||||||
| 10 December 1947 | |||||||||
• Established | 4 January 1948 | ||||||||
| 2 March 1962 | |||||||||
| Currency |
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| ISO 3166 code | BU | ||||||||
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| Today part of | Myanmar | ||||||||
| History of Myanmar |
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 Myanmar portal |
The first fourteen years of independentBurma (Myanmar) were marred by severalcommunist andethnic insurgencies. Prominent insurgent groups during this period include theCommunist Party of Burma (CPB, "white flags") led byThakin Than Tun, theCommunist Party (Burma) ("red flags") led byThakin Soe, the People's Volunteer Organisation (Yèbaw Hpyu) led by Bo La Yaung (a member of theThirty Comrades), the Revolutionary Burma Army (RBA) led by communist officers Bo Zeya, Bo Yan Aung and Bo Yè Htut (all three of them members of the Thirty Comrades), and theKaren National Union (KNU).[3][page needed]
Remote areas ofnorthern Burma were for many years controlled byan army of Kuomintang (KMT) forces after theCommunist victory in China in 1949.[3][page needed] Burma accepted foreign assistance in rebuilding the country in these early years, but continued American support for the Chinese Nationalist military presence in Burma finally resulted in the country rejecting most foreign aid, refusing to join theSoutheast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) and supporting theBandung Conference of 1955.[3][page needed] Burma generally strove to be impartial in world affairs and was one of the first countries in the world to recogniseIsrael andChina.
By 1958, the country was largely beginning to recover economically, but was beginning to fall apart politically due to a split in theAnti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) into two factions, one led by Thakins Nu and Tin, the other byBa Swe andKyaw Nyein.[3][page needed][4] This was despite the unexpected success ofU Nu's "Arms for Democracy" offer taken up by U Seinda inArakan, thePa'O, someMon andShan groups, but more significantly by the PVO surrendering their arms.[3][page needed] The situation became very unstable inparliament, with U Nu surviving ano-confidence vote only with the support of the oppositionNational United Front (NUF), believed to have "crypto-communists" amongst them.[3][page needed]
Army hardliners now saw the 'threat' of the CPB coming to an agreement with U Nu through the NUF, and in the end U Nu "invited" Army Chief of Staff GeneralNe Win to take over the country.[3][page needed] Over 400 "communist sympathisers" were arrested, of which 153 were deported to theCoco Islands in theAndaman Sea. Among them was the NUF leaderAung Than, older brother ofAung San. TheBotataung,Kyemon andRangoon Daily were also closed down.[3][page needed]
Ne Win'scaretaker government successfully stabilised the situation and paved the way for new general elections in 1960 that returned U Nu'sUnion Party with a large majority.[3][page needed] The situation did not remain stable for long, when theShan Federal Movement, started byNyaung Shwe SawbwaSao Shwe Thaik (the first President of independent Burma 1948–1952) and aspiring to a "loose"federation, was seen as aseparatist movement insisting on the government honouring the right to secession in ten years provided for by the 1947 Constitution.[3][page needed]
Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the ShanSawbwas of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959. He staged acoup d'état on 2 March 1962, arrested U Nu, Sao Shwe Thaik and several others, and declared asocialist state run by theUnion Revolutionary Council (URC), which consisted of senior military officers. Sao Shwe Thaik's son, Sao Mye Thaik, was shot dead in what was generally described as a "bloodless" coup.Thibaw SawbwaSao Kya Seng also disappeared mysteriously after being stopped at a checkpoint nearTaunggyi.[3][page needed] The URC later founded theBurma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) on 4 July 1962 to nominally separate the powers of the military from the government and to lead aone-party state.[5]
တည်ဆဲဥပဒေဖြစ်ပါသည်
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