 USSConstellation by John W. Schmidt | |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United States | |
| Name | USSConstellation |
| Namesake | The 15 stars in the contemporary United States national flag[1] |
| Ordered | 27 March 1794[1] |
| Builder | David Stodder[2] |
| Cost | $314,212 |
| Launched | 7 September 1797[2] |
| Homeport | Baltimore Maryland USA |
| Nickname(s) | "Yankee Racehorse" |
| Fate | Broken up, 1853[1] |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | 38-Gun frigate[1] |
| Displacement | 1,265 tons[1] |
| Length | 164 ft (50 m)between perpendiculars[2] length at Keel 136 feet[3] |
| Beam | 41 ft (12 m)[2] or 40 feet, 6 inches[4] |
| Depth of hold | 13.5 ft (4.1 m)[2] |
| Decks | Orlop,Berth,Gun,Spar |
| Propulsion | Sail (three masts,ship rig) |
| Complement | 340 officers and enlisted[2] |
| Armament |
|
USSConstellation was a nominally rated 38-gun wooden-hulled, three-masted frigate of theUnited States Navy.
The ship was built under the direction of David Stodder at The Joseph and Samuel Sterett shipyard on Harris Creek inBaltimore'sFell's Point maritime community, and was launched on 7 September 1797.Constellation was one of theoriginal six frigates whose construction theNaval Act of 1794 had authorized.
The name "Constellation" was among ten names submitted to PresidentGeorge Washington by Secretary of WarTimothy Pickering in March 1795 for the frigates that were to be constructed.[5][6]The Flag Act of 1777 speaks of how the stars in the flag are "representing a new constellation".
Joshua Humphreys designed these frigates to be the young Navy'scapital ships, and soConstellation and her sisters were larger and more heavily armed and built than standard frigates of the period. The Constellation's first duties with the newly formed U.S. Navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping during theQuasi-War with France and to defeat theBarbary pirates in theFirst Barbary War.
Americanmerchant vessels began to fall prey toBarbary Pirates, along the so-called "Barbary Coast" of North Africa,Morocco,Tunis (in futureTunisia),Tripoli (in futureLibya), and most notably fromAlgiers (in futureAlgeria), in theMediterranean Sea during the 1790s. Congress responded with theNaval Act of 1794.[7] The Act provided funds for the construction of six frigates to be built in six different East Coast ports; however, it included a clause stating that construction of the ships would cease if the United States agreed to peace terms with Algiers.[8][9] By the time of the conclusion in 1815, of the laterWar of 1812 withGreat Britain, the United States had fought a series of three brief, but savage naval and amphibious wars.
Joshua Humphreys' design was deep,[10] long ofkeel, affording high speed downwind and efficiency when close-hauled. The design was to extremely heavyscantlings, including the planking, and incorporated Humphreys' innovative diagonal rib to limithogging. This gave thehull greater strength than those of more lightly built frigates. Humphreys developed his design after realizing that the fledgling United States could not match for size the navies of the European states. He therefore designed his frigates to be able to overpower other frigates, but with the speed to escape from a "ship of the line" (equivalent to a modern-day "battleship").[11][12][13] However, Constellation was a scaled-down version of his more famous designs for Constitution, United States and President, being closer in size to the standard European frigates of the day, and mounting the usual armament of 18-pounder guns.
Constellation was built under the direction of Colonel David Stodder at his naval shipyard on Harris Creek inBaltimore'sFell's Point maritime community, according to a design byJoshua Humphreys. She waslaunched on 7 September 1797, just as the United States entered theQuasi-War with therevolutionary French Republic. Harris Creek which flows into the Northwest Branch of thePatapsco River was later filled in to gain additional land for residential/industrial development and diverted underground to a subterranean storm drain and culvert in the early 19th century. It was situated east ofFell's Point and south of where modern-dayPatterson Park, (nearHighlandtown), and the community ofCanton are currently located.
An earlier visitor to the Harris Creek naval shipyard of David Stodder, east of Baltimore Town in 1796, the Duke de la Rochefoucaule-Liancourt, sawConstellation under construction and noted in his journal: "I thought her too much encumbered with wood-work within, but in other respects she is a fine vessel being built of those beautiful kinds of wood, the ever-green oak and cedar; she is pierced for 36 guns."[14]
The Naval Act of 1794 had specified 36-gun frigates; however,Constellation and her sister-shipCongress were re-rated to 38's because of their large dimensions, being 164 ft (50 m)in length and 41 ft (12 m) in width.[15][16][Note 1]
The "ratings" by number of guns were meant only as an approximation, asConstellation could and often did carry up to 48 guns.[19] U.S. Navy ships of this era had no permanent battery of guns such as modern Navy ships carry. The guns were designed to be completely portable and often were exchanged between ships as situations warranted. Each commanding officer outfitted armaments to his liking, taking into consideration factors such as the overall tonnage of cargo, complement of personnel aboard, and planned routes to be sailed. Consequently, the armaments on ships changed often during their careers, and records of the changes were not generally kept.[20]
The Quasi-War between France and the States came about when after theFrench Revolution, the United States refused to repay remaining debt to France on the grounds that it had been owed to the previous regime. French outrage led to a series of attacks on American shipping by privateers.Constellationconvoyed Americanmerchantmen from June through August 1798 before sailing under the command ofCaptainThomas Truxtun for theWest Indies in December 1798 to protect the United States's commerce in theCaribbean.
On 2 February, 1799 she exchanged fire with a French fort atSaint-Pierre, Martinique.[21]
On 9 February 1799, under the command of Truxtun,Constellation fought and captured the frigateL'Insurgente of 36 guns, the fastest ship in the French Navy.[citation needed] The battle started about 18 miles (29 km) NE of the island of Nevis about midday whenConstellation spottedL'Insurgente, which hoistedstudding sails and attempted to run.[22]L'Insurgente had recently capturedRetaliation, a schooner, in November 1798 and three weeks previously had been chased byConstitution and had escaped.L'Insurgente's job was that of commerce raiding, wanting nothing to do with another warship, and tried to fleeConstellation. Within an hour of hauling in chase Truxtun was close enough to make private signals to identify if the ship he was pursuing was British or not. With no answer, he proceeded to chaseL'Insurgente down, clearing for action and beating to quarters. Truxtun made private signals for the U.S. Navy and again received no answer.[23]Constellation crowded on all sail despite a rising squall that threatened to tear a sail or throw a spar.[24]
Reefing sail just long enough to weather the short squall,Constellation hardly paused but the same was not to be forL'Insurgente: the ship's topmast snapped and slowed the ship to the onrushingConstellation.[24] Captain Barreaut orderedL'Insurgente to lay up and prepared to fight.Constellation was outfitted with24 pounder guns that caused her to lean too much to lee due to topweight and thus had to surrender theweather gage toL'Insurgente. (The ship was refitted with18-pounder long guns in the next refit.[clarification needed])L'Insurgente raised the French Tricolor and Captain Barreaut asked for parley. Captain Truxtun refused to answer, as his orders were to attack any French warship or privateer, and answered when his last gun could be brought to bear.[25] American warships of this period fired for the hull (as did the British) and each of the 24-pounders had been double shotted.L'Insurgente fired as per training atConstellation's masts and rigging.Constellation's masts were saved when the sail was reduced, taking pressure off the damaged mast.[25]L'Insurgente was devastated byConstellation's first broadside with many dead and others deserting their guns.L'Insurgente tried to board and slowed to close but this allowedConstellation to shoot ahead and crossed bows for a bow rake with another broadside.Constellation crossed to windward andL'Insurgente turned to follow with both crews now exchanging port broadsides instead of starboard.[26] One ofConstellation's 24-pounders smashed through the hull ofL'Insurgente.L'Insurgente's 12-pounders were not equal to the same task againstConstellation's hull. Captain Barreaut had been shown one ofConstellation's 24 pound cannonballs and understood that he was in a completely unequal contest with sails down and nothing comparable to reply with many already dead and wounded. He struck colors— the first major victory by an American-designed and built warship.[27]
On 14 March, 1799 she captured the French Letter of Marque schoonerUnion offBasse-Terre Roads,Guadeloupe.[28]
On 15 April recaptured British merchantBrothers, captured by a French privateer on 14 April.[29]
On 17 April, 1799 she andUSS Insurgente captured French letter of marque schoonerDiligente offBasse-Terre,Guadeloupe.[30]
She arrived atHampton Roads 19 May, 1799.[31]She sailed from Chesapeake Bay 30 June, 1799.[32]
After returning from that cruise arriving at Newcastle Delaware on or about 11 October she discharged her crew and began repairs.[33] She departed Hampton Roads on 24 December escorting a stores ship and several merchantmen passing Cape Henry the next day.[34]
Constellation sailed under Captain Thomas Truxtun from Saint Kitts on 30 January 1800, and encountered the French frigateLa Vengeance, ofLa Résistance class (design by Pierre Degay, with 30 × 24-pounder guns and 20 × 12-pounder guns) during the night on 1 February 1800.La Vengeance was outweighed byConstellation but had the heavier broadside, 1,165 lb (528 kg) to 744 lb (337 kg).[35][36]La Vengeance attempted to run and had to be chased down.[37] An hour after sunsetConstellation came into hailing range and whenLa Vengeance was ordered to stand to and surrender, the ship answered with a broadside at (15°17′N66°04′W / 15.283°N 66.067°W /15.283; -66.067).[37] After an hourConstellation's foresails failed and had to be repaired; she then overtookLa Vengeance and a running battle exchanging broadsides continued.[38] Twice the ships came close enough that boarders were called for on both ships, the second occasion was quite bloody as U.S. Marines inConstellation shot up the deck ofLa Vengeance leaving the deck covered in bodies of the dead and wounded, and forcing the boarding party to seek cover. A young lieutenant standing next to Captain Pitot ofLa Vengeance had his arm taken off at this time.[39] By late in the evening,Constellation was victorious after a five-hour battle.La Vengeance was so holed in the hull and the rigging so cut up that the ship grounded outside the port of Curaçao rather than attempt to sail into port for fear of sinking. The French commander just managed to save his ship from capture by taking advantage of the darkness and – upon returning to port – was so humiliated he later boasted that the American ship he had fought was a much larger and more powerful ship of the line. Despite a heavier broadside Captain Pitot ofLa Vengeance accounted that they had fired 742 rounds in the engagement while Captain Truxtun ofConstellation reported 1,229 rounds expended.[35]Constellation also suffered major damage. She had 13 crew killed, 25 wounded and 1 missing.[40] Her rigging and spars were so damaged that the crew dared not try to sail upwind and so went to Port Royal, Jamaica, arriving on 8 February. She was joined on 5 February byUSS Insurgente (17°07′N67°00′W / 17.117°N 67.000°W /17.117; -67.000).[41][42] Unable to complete a refit she departed Jamaica on 1 March and limped home on ajury rig system while escorting a convoy.[39][43] After the encounter,Constellation's speed and power inspired the French to nickname her the "Yankee Racehorse."[44] She arrived at Hampton Roads 25 March.[45] By 3 May, 1800 Thomas Truxton had been replaced as Captain by Capt.Alexander Murray.[46] She departed Hampton Roads and was offCape Henry on 20 May, 1800.[47] She arrived at St. Kitts about 23 June.[48] On 26 June she recaptured ship "Minerva" that had been captured by a privateer on 25 June.[49] On 2 July she recaptured Danish schooner "Charming Betsy" that had been captured by a French privateer stating that the Danish captain, still on board, had requested recapture.[50] She arrived at Newcastle, Delaware 10 October, 1800.[51] By 24 December she was anchored off Sandy Hook.[52] She sailed from New York on 9 January, 1801. Sometime in January, 1801, possibly 17 or 18 January, in the night she exchanged fire withHMS Magnanime until identities were established, with the few shots fired doing no material damage being done to either.[53] On 18 January she stopped the French privateer lugger "Marrs" and found that a Treaty had been signed. Later in the day she recaptured brig "Prude", releasing the prize crew to "Marrs".[54]
At the end of the Quasi-War with France,Constellation returned to the United States. Whileanchoring inDelaware Bay on 10 April 1801, she was caught in winds and an ebbtide that ran her aground on a sand bar and laid her over on her beam ends. She was still aground as of 26 April, but refloated by 3 May.[55] She suffered damage requiring extensive repairs at Philadelphia.[56]
During the United States' preoccupation with France during the Quasi-War, troubles with theBarbary States were suppressed by the payment oftribute to ensure that American merchant ships were not harassed and seized.[57] In 1801Yusuf Karamanli ofTripoli, dissatisfied with the amount of tribute he was receiving in comparison to Algiers, demanded an immediate payment of $250,000.[58] In response,Thomas Jefferson sent asquadron of frigates to protect American merchant ships in the Mediterranean and pursue peace with the Barbary States.[59][60]
The first squadron, under the command ofRichard Dale inPresident, was instructed to escort merchant ships through the Mediterranean and negotiate with leaders of the Barbary States.[59]
She left Philadelphia, arriving at Chester on 26 February 1802 to receive her guns, ect. after getting over the bar.[61] She departed New Castle, Delaware on 13 March.[62]Sailing with the squadron ofCommodoreRichard Morris, and later, with that of CommodoresSamuel Barron and John Rodgers,Constellation served in the blockade of Tripoli in May 1802. On 22 July 1802 she exchanged fire with Tripolitan gunboats and troops, reportedly sinking 2 gunboats and killing a general.[63][64] She received orders to return home on 12 December 1802.[65] She arrived in Chesapeake Bay on 11 March, 1803.[66] She was reactivated following the loss of USSPhiladelphia, with Capt. Hugh Campbell in command.[67] She left Eastern Branch on 11 June and arrived at Hampton Roads on 21 June.[68] She left the Capes 5 July, arriving at Gibraltar on 12 August.She cruised widely throughout the Mediterranean in 1804 to show the flag; evacuated in June 1805 a contingent ofUnited States Marines, as well as diplomatic personages, fromDerne at the conclusion of a fleet-shore operation against Tripoli; and took part in a squadron movement against Tunis that culminated in peace terms in August 1805. On 22 August, 1805 Capt. Campbell exchanged commands with Master Commandant Charles Stewart of USSEssex.[69]Constellation returned to the United States in November 1805, mooring at Washington Navy Yard on 29 November,[70] where she was placedin ordinary until 1812.[1]
Constellation underwent repairs at Washington, D.C., in 1812–1813, and with the advent of theWar of 1812 with theUnited Kingdom, commanded by CaptainCharles Stewart, was dispatched toHampton Roads,Virginia. In January 1813, shortly after arrival, the ship was effectivelyblockaded by a British squadron of line-of-battle ships and frigates. Shekedged up toward Norfolk, and when the tide rose ran in and anchored between the forts; and a few days later dropped down to cover the forts which were being built atCraney Island. Here the ship was exposed to attacks from the British force still lying in Hampton Roads, and, fearing they would attempt to carry her by surprise, Captain Stewart made preparation for defense. The crew anchored in the middle of the narrow channel, flanked by gun-boats, lower ports closed, not a rope left hanging over the sides; the boarding nettings, boiled in half-made pitch till they were as hard as wire, weretriced outboard toward the yardarms, and loaded withkentledge to fall on the attacking boats when the tricing lines were cut, while thecarronades were loaded to the muzzle with musket balls, and depressed so as to sweep the water near the ship. Twice, a force of British, estimated by their foes to number 2,000 men, started off at night to takeConstellation by surprise but on each occasion they were discovered and closely watched by guard-boats, and they never ventured to make the attack.[1][71]
Soon after the United States declared war against Britain in 1812,Algiers took advantage of the United States' preoccupation with Britain and began intercepting American merchant ships in the Mediterranean.[72] On 2 March 1815, at the request of PresidentJames Madison, Congress declared war on Algiers. Work preparing two American squadrons promptly began—one at Boston under CommodoreWilliam Bainbridge, and one at New York under CommodoreSteven Decatur.[73][74]
Constellation, attached to the Mediterranean Squadron under Commodore Stephen Decatur, sailed from New York on 20 May 1815 and joined in thecapture of the Algerian frigateMashuda on 17 June 1815. Treaties of peace were soon reached with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.Constellation remained with the squadron under CommodoresWilliam Bainbridge,Isaac Chauncey, andJohn Shaw to enforce the accords, returning to Hampton Roads only in December 1817.[1]
In the spring of 1819 Secretary of the NavySmith Thompson selected CommodoreOliver Hazard Perry for the mission of establishing friendly relations with the government of newly independentVenezuela and negotiating to obtain restitution for United States schoonersTiger andLiberty that the Venezuelans had illegally taken during the revolution. In 1819, by order of PresidentJames MonroeConstellation sailed for theOrinoco River, Venezuela, along with the frigateJohn Adams and the schoonerNonsuch. Arriving on 15 July, Commodore Perry shifted his flag toNonsuch and sailed upriver toAngostura to negotiate an anti-piracy agreement. A favorable treaty was signed on 11 August with Vice-presidentFrancisco Antonio Zea, but when the little fleet started downriver, many of the crew including Perry had been stricken withyellow fever.
Despite the efforts to reachTrinidad for medical assistance, the commodore died on his 34th birthday on boardJohn Adams shortly after her arrival atGulf of Paria on 23 August. He was buried inPort of Spain with great honors whileNonsuch's crew acted ashonor guard.
From 12 November 1819 to 24 April 1820,Constellation served as flagship of CommodoreCharles Morris on the Brazil Station, protecting American commerce against privateers and supporting the negotiation of trade agreements with South American nations. On 25 July 1820, she sailed for the first time to Pacific waters and arrived inValparaíso, Chile underCharles G. Ridgeley on January 14, 1821.[75][76] He was then relieved by CommodoreCharles Stewart in April 1822.[76]Constellation remained thus employed for two years, protecting American shipping off the coast of Peru, an area where disquiet erupted into revolt against Spain.
In 1825,Constellation was chosen as flagship for CommodoreLewis Warrington and began duty with theWest India Squadron to eradicate waning piracy operations in the Caribbean. During an outbreak of yellow fever at Key West, Florida, Warrington moved the squadron's home port to Pensacola, Florida where a permanent base was established. Other ships operating withConstellation during this period in the West Indies wereJohn Adams,Hornet,Spark,Grampus,Shark,Fox andDecoy. Warrington returned to the United States withConstellation in 1826.[77][78]
In August 1829,Constellation cruised to the Mediterranean to watch over American shipping and to collect indemnities from previous losses suffered by U.S. merchantmen. While en route to station, the ship carried the American ministers to France and the United Kingdom to their posts of duty. Returning to the United States in November 1831, she underwent minor repairs and departed again for the Mediterranean in April 1832 where she remained until an outbreak of cholera forced her to sail for home in November 1834.
In October 1835,Constellation sailed for the Gulf of Mexico to assist in defeating the Seminole uprising. The crew landed shore parties to relieve the Army garrisons and sent boats on amphibious expeditions. After the mission had been accomplished, they then cruised with the West India Squadron until 1838 serving part of this period in the capacity of flagship for CommodoreAlexander Dallas.
The decade of the 1840s sawConstellation circumnavigate the globe. As flagship of Captain Kearny and the East India Squadron, their mission, as assigned in March 1841, was to safeguard American lives and property against loss during theOpium War, and further, to enable negotiation of commercial treaties. En route home in May 1843 she entered the Hawaiian Islands, helping to keep them from becoming a British protectorate, and thereafter sailed homeward making calls at South American ports.[1]
In 1853Constellation was disassembled at theGosport Navy Yard inPortsmouth, Virginia. At the same time, the keel was laid for what became known as thesloop-of-warUSS Constellation (1854). Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, theUnited States Congress, the U.S. Navy, and the City ofBaltimore continued to identify the ship as the 1854 rebuild of the 1797 ship. In the latter half of the 20th century, however, researchers discovered compelling evidence that the sloop-of-war was a wholly different ship, using only a minimal amount of material from the 1797 frigate.[79]
Commemorative copper coins were struck from parts ofConstellation and have become collector's items.[80][81]
This article incorporates text from thepublic domainDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be foundhere.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)| Shipwrecks |
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