Pattern of immune response
Type 2 inflammation is a pattern ofimmune response . Its physiological function is to defend the body againsthelminths , but a dysregulation of the type 2 inflammatory response has been implicated in thepathophysiology of several diseases.[ 1] [ 2]
IL-25 ,IL-33 , andTSLP arealarmins released from damaged epithelial cells. Thesecytokines mediate the activation of type 2T helper cells (Th 2 cells),type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells), anddendritic cells . Th 2 cells and ILC2 cells secreteIL-4 ,IL-5 andIL-13 .[ 1] [ 3]
IL-4 further drives CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th 2 subtype and inducesisotype switching to IgE in B cells. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate trafficking ofeosinophils to the site of inflammation, while IL-5 promotes both eosinophil trafficking and production.[ 2]
Dysregulation in human disease [ edit ] Type 2 inflammation has been implicated in severalchronic diseases :
Persons with one type 2 inflammatory disease are more likely to have other type 2 inflammatory diseases.[ 9]
Pharmacological targets [ edit ] Several medicines have been developed that target mediators of type 2 inflammation:[ 2]
IL-4-specific blockers: IL-5-specific blockers: IL-13-specific blockers: Dual IL-4 and IL-13 blockers: IgE-blockers: ^a b Allen, Judith E.; Sutherland, Tara E. (2014-08-01)."Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: Parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin" .Seminars in Immunology .26 (4):329– 340.doi :10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003 .ISSN 1044-5323 .PMC 4179909 PMID 25028340 . ^a b c Gandhi, Namita A.; Bennett, Brandy L.; Graham, Neil M. H.; Pirozzi, Gianluca; Stahl, Neil; Yancopoulos, George D. (2016-01-01)."Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease" .Nature Reviews Drug Discovery .15 (1):35– 50.doi :10.1038/nrd4624 .ISSN 1474-1784 .PMID 26471366 .S2CID 2421591 . ^ Hong, Haiyu; Liao, Shumin; Chen, Fenghong; Yang, Qintai; Wang, De-Yun (2020)."Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation" .Allergy .75 (11):2794– 2804.doi :10.1111/all.14526 ISSN 1398-9995 .PMID 32737888 .S2CID 220908481 . ^ Fahy, John V. (2015)."Type 2 inflammation in asthma — present in most, absent in many" .Nature Reviews Immunology .15 (1):57– 65.doi :10.1038/nri3786 .ISSN 1474-1733 .PMC 4390063 PMID 25534623 . ^a b Akdis, Cezmi A.; Arkwright, Peter D.; Brüggen, Marie-Charlotte; Busse, William; Gadina, Massimo;Guttman-Yassky, Emma ; Kabashima, Kenji; Mitamura, Yasutaka; Vian, Laura; Wu, Jianni; Palomares, Oscar (2020)."Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs" .Allergy .75 (7):1582– 1605.doi :10.1111/all.14318 ISSN 1398-9995 .PMID 32319104 .S2CID 216075178 . ^ Hulse, K. E.; Stevens, W. W.; Tan, B. K.; Schleimer, R. P. (2015)."Pathogenesis of nasal polyposis" .Clinical & Experimental Allergy .45 (2):328– 346.doi :10.1111/cea.12472 .PMC 4422388 PMID 25482020 . ^ Hill, David A.; Spergel, Jonathan M. (2016)."The Immunologic Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis" .Current Allergy and Asthma Reports .16 (2): 9.doi :10.1007/s11882-015-0592-3 .ISSN 1529-7322 .PMC 4913464 PMID 26758862 . ^ Werth, Victoria P.; Murrell, Dédée F.; Joly, Pascal; Heck, Renata; Orengo, Jamie M.; Ardeleanu, Marius; Hultsch, Verena (2024-12-01)."Pathophysiology of Bullous Pemphigoid: Role of Type 2 Inflammation and Emerging Treatment Strategies (Narrative Review)" .Advances in Therapy .41 (12):4418– 4432.doi :10.1007/s12325-024-02992-w .ISSN 1865-8652 .PMC 11550233 PMID 39425892 . ^ Khan, Asif; Gouia, Imène; Kamat, Siddhesh; Ortiz, Benjamin; Johnson, Robert; Siddall, James; Small, Mark (2020-09-07)."Type 2 inflammation-related comorbidities among patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and atopic dermatitis" .European Respiratory Journal .56 (suppl 64): 232.doi :10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.232 .ISSN 0903-1936 .S2CID 229017279 . 
