 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Turkish National Movement" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Turkish National Movement | |
|---|---|
| Türk Ulusal Hareketi | |
 Prominent nationalists at theSivas Congress.Left to right:Ahmet Muzaffer (Kılıç),Rauf Bey (Orbay),Bekir Sami (Kunduh),Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk),Ruşen Eşref (Ünaydın),Cemil Cahit (Toydemir),Cevat Abbas (Gürer). | |
| Leader | Mustafa Kemal Pasha |
| Dates of operation | June 22, 1919 (1919-06-22)–October 29, 1923 (1923-10-29) |
| Country |  Turkey |
| Allegiance | Government of the Grand National Assembly |
| Motives | Opposition to thepartition of the Ottoman Empire |
| Headquarters | Ankara |
| Active regions | Anatolia,Thrace |
| Ideology | Turkish nationalism |
| Allies |  Russia Ukraine Azerbaijan Bukhara Italy[1] France(from 1921)[2][3][4] |
| Opponents |  EntenteOttoman Empire Georgia |
| Battles and wars | Turkish War of Independence |
| ||
|---|---|---|
  | ||
TheTurkish National Movement (Turkish:Millî Hareket), also known as theAnatolian Movement (Turkish:Anadolu Hareketi), theNationalist Movement (Turkish:Milliyetçi Hareket), and theKemalists (Turkish:Kemalîler,Kemalciler orKemalistler),[5][6] included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resulted in the creation and shaping of the modernRepublic of Turkey, as a consequence of the defeat of theOttoman Empire inWorld War I and the subsequentoccupation of Constantinople andpartitioning of the Ottoman Empire by theAllies under the terms of theArmistice of Mudros. The Turkish revolutionaries rebelled against this partitioning and against theTreaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920 by the Ottoman government. Most revolutionaries were former members of theCommittee of Union and Progress.
This establishment of an alliance of Turkish revolutionaries during the partitioning resulted in theTurkish War of Independence, theabolition of the Ottoman sultanate on 1 November 1922 and the declaration of the Republic ofTurkey on 29 October 1923. The movement organized itself into theAssociation for the Defence of National Rights of Anatolia and Rumeli, which eventually declared that the only source of governance for theTurkish people would be theGrand National Assembly of Turkey.
The movement was created in 1919 through a series of agreements and conferences throughout Anatolia andThrace. The process was aimed to unite independent movements around the country to build a common voice and is attributed toMustafa Kemal Atatürk,[7] as he was the primary spokesperson, public figure, and military leader of the movement.
The Amasya Agreement was important in many respects. It was the first call to the national movement against the occupying powers. It consisted of talks about national independence. The message read as follows:
This agreement was signed byMustafa Kemal Atatürk,Rauf Orbay,Ali Fuat Cebesoy,Refet Bele and laterKâzım Karabekir inErzurum.
.jpg)
On American Mandate: On 1 August 1919, the King-Crane Commission tried to contact a large groups of interested parties in Constantinople (Ottoman Control), to obtain their positions with a view toward reporting them to the Paris Peace Conference.Kazım Karabekir learned that a memorandum was adopted by an amalgamation of political groups in Constantinople and consequently, the Erzurum Congress, which has been in session since 23 July (until 7 August 1919) sent a memorandum toAmerican PresidentWoodrow Wilson on the same day (1 August). It was probably also meant to remind all other parties ofWilson's 14 Points and the fact that the Nationalists were aware of them. Among the objectives of the Nationalists was, it appears, to signal the resolve of the Nationalists to the interested parties, and display their intent not to tolerate indiscriminate political pressure. What began as a suggestion to the Nationalists to accept the American Mandate at the time of the Erzurum Congress, became a major campaign immediately afterwards. By the time Sivas Congress was convened, no less than three channels were working on the Nationalist leadership to persuade them at least to "consider" the American Mandate, if not outright adopt a resolution in favor of it at the Sivas Congress.
.png)
The Sivas Congress was the first time the fourteen leaders of the movement united under a single roof. These people formed a plan between 16 and 29 October. They agreed that the parliament should meet in Constantinople, even if it were obvious that this parliament could not function under the occupation. It was a great chance to build the base and legitimacy. They decided on formalizing a "Representative Committee" that would handle the distribution and implementation, which could easily be turned into a new government if allies decided to disband the whole Ottoman Governing structure. Mustafa Kemal established two concepts into this program: independence and integrity. Mustafa Kemal was setting the stage for conditions which would legitimize this organization and illegitimate the Ottoman parliament. These conditions were also mentioned in the Wilsonian rules.
Mustafa Kemal opened the National Congress at Sivas, with delegates from the entire nation taking part. The Erzurum resolutions were transformed into a national appeal, and the name of the organization changed to the Society to Defend the Rights and Interests of the Provinces of Anatolia and Rumeli. The Erzurum resolutions were reaffirmed with minor additions, these included new clauses such as article 3 which states that the formation of an independent Greece on theAydın,Manisa, andBalıkesir fronts was unacceptable. The Sivas Congress essentially reinforced the stance taken at the Erzurum Congress. All these were performed while the Harbord Commission arrived inConstantinople.[8]
Plans were made to organize a new government and parliament in Ankara, and the sultan asked to accept its authority. A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them wereHalide Edip, her husband,Adnan Adıvar,İsmet İnönü, Kemal’s most important allies in the Ministry of War, and the last president of the Chamber of Deputies,Celalettin Arif. The latter's desertion of the capital was of great significance. A legally elected president of the last representative Ottoman Parliament, he claimed that it had been dissolved illegally, in violation of the Constitution, enabling Kemal to assume full governmental powers for the Ankara regime.
In March 1920, he announced that the Turkish nation was establishing its own Parliament in Ankara under the nameGrand National Assembly. Some 100 members of the Ottoman Parliament were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected around the country by the national resistance group. On April 23, 1920, the new Assembly gathered for the first time, making Mustafa Kemal its first president and İsmet Inonü, now deputy fromEdirne, chief of the General Staff.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fwikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(October 2024) |
After the establishment of the movement and the successfulTurkish War of Independence, the revolutionaries abolished theOttoman sultanate on November 1, 1922, and proclaimed the Republic ofTurkey on October 29, 1923. The movement terminated theTreaty of Sèvres and negotiated theTreaty of Lausanne, assuring recognition of the national borders, termedMisak-ı Millî (National Pact).
The national forces were united around the leadership ofMustafa Kemal Atatürk and the authority of theGrand National Assembly set up inAnkara, which pursued the Turkish War of Independence. The movement gathered around the idea ofthe integration of the other native populations (Greeks,Armenians,Assyrians) to make Turkish nation-state and a progressively defined political ideology that is generally termed "Kemalism", or "Atatürkçülük" ("Atatürkism"). Its basic principles stress theRepublic - a form of government representing the power of the electorate, secular administration (laïcité),nationalism, a mixed economy with state participation in some sectors (as opposed tostate socialism), and national modernization.
Turkish revolutionaries were mainly influenced by ideas which flourished during theTanzimat period. The revolutionaries should not be associated with theYoung Turk movement of the same era, which was tightly bound to the Ottoman State and the ideals ofOttomanism. Turkish revolutionaries indeed were not a homogeneous group of people, as they had different ideas on social and political issues. There were years in which most of them did not communicate with each other, even though they presided over the major social and political institutions. The common idea which held them together was having asovereign nation.
_(1881-1938)_in_westers%2c_SFA003017837.jpg)