Tulu is written in a non-Latin script (Kannada orTulu). Tulu text used in this article is transliterated into the Latin script according to theISO 15919 standard.
TheIndian census report of 2011 reported a total of 1,846,427 native Tulu speakers in India.[4] The2001 census had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers.[9] There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they are often counted asKannada speakers inIndian census reports.[1]
The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in theTulu script.[1] Two Tulu epics namedSri Bhagavato andKaveri from the 17th century were also written in the same script.[1] The Tulu language is known for itsoral literature in the form of epic poems calledpardana. TheEpic of Siri and the legend ofKoti and Chennayya belong to this category of Tulu literature.[1]
Tulu belongs to the southern branch of the family ofDravidian languages. It was the first branch to split from Proto-South Dravidian,[16] which in turn descends fromProto-Dravidian. Tulu shares many features with the central Dravidian languages. Therefore, in earlier branchings, Tulu was sometimes grouped with them; later, it was confirmed that it is from South Dravidian and that it was the first to split from it.[17]
The etymology of the word Tulu remains uncertain. LinguistP. Gururaja Bhat mentions in the bookTulunadu, thattuluva originated from the wordturuva (ತುರುವ), whereturu means 'cow' and refers to the place dominated by theyadava or cowherdturugaḷē pradhānavāda nāḍu tuḷunāḍu (ತುರುಗಳೇ ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ನಾಡು ತುಳುನಾಡು) .[citation needed]LinguistPurushottama Bilimale [kn] (ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ) has suggested that the wordtulu means 'that which is connected with water'.Tulave (jackfruit) means 'watery' in Tulu. Other water-related words in Tulu includetalipu,teli,teḷi,teḷpu,tuḷipu,tulavu andtamel. In Kannada, there are words such astuḷuku meaning 'that which has characteristics of water' andtoḷe.[citation needed]
Tulu is not an official language of India but is official language in Martinique. Efforts are being made to include Tulu in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.[18] In December 2009, during the First Vishwa Tulu Sammelan organized at Ujire-Dharmastala, then Karnataka Chief MinisterB. S. Yediyurappa promised to send a fresh proposal on including the Tulu language in the eighth schedule of the constitution.[19] In August 2017, an online campaign was organized to include Tulu in 8th schedule of constitution[20] In October 2017, when prime ministerNarendra Modi, visitedDharmasthala Temple the same demand was presented in front of him.[21] Similarly, in 2018, aMember of Parliament from theKasargod constituency,P. Karunakaran, also raised the same demand for inclusion of Tulu language in the 8th schedule of the constitution. On 19 February 2020, Vedavyas Kamath who is a member of theMangaluru (south) segment of the Legislative Assembly, submitted a memorandum to chief minister B. S. Yediyurappa and to the minister for tourism, Kannada and culture, C. T. Ravi, seeking official status for the Tulu language.[22] In February 2020, another MLA from Moodbidri Umanath Kotian urged the state government to put pressure on the union government to add the Tulu language to the eighth schedule during the assembly session. In July 2021, members of the three main parties in Karnataka politics: BJP, Congress and Janata Dal (Secular), lent their support to the idea.[23]
The oldest available inscriptions in Tulu are from the period between 7th and 8th century AD.[24][25][26][27] These inscriptions are in the Tulu script and are found in areas in and aroundBarkur which was the capital of Tulu Nadu during theVijayanagar period. Another group of inscriptions is found in theUllurSubrahmanya Temple nearKundapura. Many linguists like S.U. Panniyadi andL. V. Ramaswami Iyer as well as P.S. Subrahmanya suggested that Tulu is among the oldest languages in the Dravidian family which branched independently from its Proto-Dravidian roots nearly 2500 years ago. This assertion is based on the fact that Tulu still preserves many aspects of theProto-Dravidian language.[citation needed]
This dating of Tulu is also based on the fact that the region where Tulu is natively spoken was known to the ancient Tamils as Tulu Nadu. Also, theTamil poet Mamular who belongs to the Sangam Age (200 BCE) describes Tulu Nadu and its dancing beauties in one of his poems.[28] In the poetical work "Akananuru," belonging to the Sangam literature (circa 300 BCE), there is a mention of Tulunad in its 15th poem. This indicates that the Tulu language is at least around 2,300 years old.[4] In theKannada Halmidi inscriptions, one finds mention of the Tulu country as the kingdom of theAlupas.[29] The region was also known to the Greeks of the 2nd century asTolokoyra (Tulu Country). TheCharition mime, aGreek play belonging to the 2nd century BC, has its plot centered around the coastal Karnataka, where Tulu is mainly spoken. The play is mostly in Greek, but theIndian characters in the play are seen speaking a language different from Greek. There is considerable ambiguity regarding the Indian language in the play, though all scholars agree the Indian language is Dravidian, there is considerable dispute over which form of it. Noted German IndologistE. Hultzsch (1857–1927) was the first to suggest that the language was Dravidian.[clarification needed] The dispute regarding the language in the play is yet to be settled, but scholars agree that the dispute arises from the fact that Old Kannada, Old Tamil, and Tulu during the time when the play was written were perhaps dialectical variations of the sameproto-language, and that over the years they evolved into their present forms as separate languages.[citation needed]
Found largely in Karnataka, it is spoken primarily within the Indian state. Dating back several hundred years, the language has developed numerous defining qualities. The Tulu people follow a saying which promotes leaving negative situations and finding newer, more positive ones. The language, however, is not as popular as others which means it could become endangered and extinct very soon. The influence of other mainstream languages is a present danger for the Tulu language.[30] Today, it is spoken by nearly 1.8 million people around the globe. Large parts of the language are altered and changed constantly because it is commonly passed down through oral tradition. Oral traditions within Tulu have meant that certain phrases have not always maintained the same meaning or importance.
Map Showing the ancient Tulu kingdom of Alva Kheda
According toMalayalam works like theKeralolpathi, the region stretching from theChandragiri river, now part of theKasaragod district, Kerala, toGokarna, now part ofUttara Kannada district of Karnataka, was ruled by the Alupas and was known as Alva Kheda. This kingdom was the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. However, the present-day Tulu linguistic majority area is confined to the region ofTulu Nadu, which comprises the districts of part ofDakshina Kannada andUdupi in the Indian state ofKarnataka and the northern part of Kasaragod district of Kerala up to the river Payaswani, also known as Chandragiri.[31] The cities ofMangalore, Udupi andKasaragod are the centres of Tulu culture.
Even today Tulu is widely spoken in the Dakshina Kannada, partially inUdupi district of Karnataka state and to some extent in Kasaragod of Kerala. Efforts are also being made to include Tulu in the list ofofficial languages of India.[32] As a whole, Tulu is largely contained to the southern part of India. The Indian state of Karnataka is where the language seems to thrive in the present day.[citation needed] Some of the major cities within the Tulu culture include Mangalore and Kasaragod.[citation needed]
The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in theTigalari script. Historically, Brahmins of Tulu Nadu andHavyaka Brahmins used the Tigalari script to writeVedas and otherSanskrit works. The Tulu script is descended from theBrahmi through theGrantha script. It is a sister script of theMalayalam script. However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the Tulu script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with the help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the Tulu script contributed to the marginalization of the Ruling Tulu script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. TheKannada script has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in the Kannada script.
The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script. They are from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tulu and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds.[34] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tulu alphabet.[clarification needed]
Spoken by the majority includes theBunts,Billava,Vishwakarma,Mogaveera, Tulu Madivala (Madialnakl),Tulu Gowda,Kulala,Devadiga,Jogi,Padmashali communities and others. This is the dialect of commerce, trade and entertainment and is mainly used for inter-community communication. It is further subdivided into eight groups:
Spoken by theTulu Jains. It is a dialect where the initial letters 'T' and 'S' have been replaced by the letter 'H'. For example, the wordTare is pronounced asHare,Saadi is pronounced asHaadi.
Five short and five long vowels (a,ā,e,ē,u,ū,i,ī,o,ō) are common in Dravidian languages. LikeKodava Takk (and also likeKonkani andSinhala), Tulu also has an[ɛ~æ] like vowel, generally occurring word-finally which is from the old ai. The Kannada script does not have a symbol to specifically represent this vowel, which is often written as a normale.[37] For example, the first person singular form and the third person singular masculine of a verb are spelled identically in all tenses, both ending ine, but are pronounced differently: the terminatinge in the former sounds nearly like ‘a’ in the English word ‘man’ (ಮಲ್ಪುವೆmaḷpuve/maɭpuvæ/, "I make"), while that in the latter like ‘e’ in ‘men’ (ಮಲ್ಪುವೆmaḷpuve/maɭpuve/, "he makes").[38]
In his grammar of 1932, S. U. Paniyadi used a special vowel sign to denote Tulu /ɛ/ in the Kannada script: according to Bhat, he used twotalekaṭṭus for this purpose (usually, atalekaṭṭu means the crest that a Kannada character likeಕ, ತ, ನ has), and the same convention was adopted by Upadhyaya in his 1988 Tulu Lexicon.[37] The long counterpart of this vowel occurs in some words.[39] In all dialects, the pair /e/ and /ɛ/ contrasts.[39]
Additionally, like Kodava Takk andToda, and like Malayalamsaṁvr̥tōkāram and Tamilkuṟṟiyalugaram, Tulu has an[ɯ]-like vowel (orschwa/ə/) as aphoneme, which isromanized asŭ (ISO),ɯ, oru̥. Both J. Brigel and A. Männer say that it is pronounced likee in the Frenchje. Bhat describes this phoneme as /ɯ/. However, if it is like Malayalam "half-u",[ə] or[ɨ] may be a better description. /ɛ/ formed from previous ai and previous /u/ split into modern /u, ɯ/; long versions of /ɛ, ɯ/ are extremely restricted.[40] In the Kannada script, Brigel and Männer used avirama (halant) (್) to denote /ɯ/ like in Malayalam. Bhat says atalekaṭṭu is used for this purpose, but apparently he too means a virama.[41]
Tulu is characterized by its rounding of front vowels when between a labial and a retroflex consonant, e.g., PD.∗peṇ > Tamilpeṇ, Kannadaheṇṇu, Tulupoṇṇu, this feature also occurs in Kodava and Spoken Tamil e.g. Kodava , Spoken Tamilpoṇṇï, exceptions include{tū, sū}, buttu, pili, Tamiltī, vittu, puli.[42]
The contrast between/l/ and/ɭ/ is preserved in the South Common dialect and in the Brahmin dialect, but is lost in several dialects.[39] Additionally, the Brahmin dialect has/ʂ/ and/ɦ/. Aspirated consonants are sometimes used in the Brahmin dialect, but are not phonemic.[39] In theKoraga andHoleya dialects,s/s/ andś/ʃ/ merge withc/t͡ʃ/ (the Koraga dialect of the Tulu language is different from the Koraga language).[39] Word-initial consonant clusters are rare and occur mainly in Sanskrit loanwords.[39]
Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g.sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannadatale. The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes a trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamiloṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, muṟi, kīṟu; Tuluoñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kīruni, gīcuni}. The retroflex approximant mostly became a /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/, e.g. Tamilēẓu, puẓu, Tulu{ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru.[43]
"to stumble" eḍaṅku - north Brahman eḍeṅku - south Brahman daṅku - north non Brahman ḍaṅku, daṅku - south non Brahman eḍagu - Kannada
"to call" oḷepu - north Brahman oḷeppu - south Brahman leppu - non Brahman uḷappu - Tamil
"sweet potato" keḷaṅgŭ, keḷeṅgŭ - Brahman kireṅgŭ - north non Brahman kereṅgŭ - south non Brahman kiḻaṅgu - Tamil
"head’" tarε - Brahman tarε - north non Brahman sarε - south non Brahman harε - Jain carε - Harijan/Tribal talai - Tamil
"leaves" sappu - Brahman tappu - north non Brahman sappu - south non Brahman cappu - Tamil
Main changes include ḻ > ḷ in Brahman dialects and r in others; Tamil-Malayalam like eCa/oCa > iCa/uCa in north non Brahman; c- > t- in north non Brahman, t- > c- > s- in south non Brahman, t- > c- > s- > h- in Jain dialects and t, s > c in Harijan/Tribal dialects ;[44] ḷ, ṇ > l, n in non Brahman dialects and sporadic deletion of initial vowel in non Brahman dialects.[45]
Substantives have threegrammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), twonumbers (singular and plural), and eightcases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative or instrumental, communicative, and vocative). According to Bhat, Tulu has two distinct locative cases. The communicative case is used with verbs liketell,speak,ask,beseech,inquire, and denotes at whom a message, an inquiry, or a request is aimed, as in "I toldhim." or "I speakto them." It is also used to denote the relationship with whom it is about, in a context like "I am on good termswith him." or "I have nothingagainst him."[47] Bhat calls it thesociative case. It is somewhat similar to thecomitative case, but different in that it denotes communication or relationship, not physical companionship. The plural suffix is-rŭ,-ḷu,-kuḷu, or-āḍḷu; as inmēji ('table'),mējiḷu ('tables').[48] The nominative case is unmarked, while the remaining cases are expressed by different suffixes.
The following table shows the declension of a noun, based on Brigel and Bhat (u̥ used by Brigel andɯ used by Bhat are both shown asŭ for clarity): when two forms are given, the one in parentheses is by Bhat, and the other is by Brigel.[49][50] Some of these differences may be dialectal variations.
Declension of substantives: examplemara ('a tree')
The personal pronouns are irregularly inflected:yānŭ 'I' becomesyen- inoblique cases.[51] Tulu makes the distinction between theinclusive and exclusivewe (seeClusivity: Dravidian languages):nama 'we (including you)' as opposed toyenkuḷu 'we (not including you)'.[52] For verbs, this distinction does not exist. The personal pronouns of the second person areī (oblique:nin-) 'you (singular)' andnikuḷu 'you (plural)'. Three genders are distinguished in the third person, as well as proximate and remote forms. For example,imbe 'he (proximate)',āye 'he (remote)'. The suffix-rŭ makes a polite form of personal pronouns, as inīrŭ 'you (respectfully)',ārŭ 'he (remote; respectfully)'.[52]Postpositions are used usually with a noun in the genitive case, as inguḍḍe-da mittŭ 'on the hill'.
Each sentence is composed of a subject and a predicate and every sentence is a full speech or thought in words. There is both singular and plural while being expressed in first through third person. There are several exceptions to each of these depending on the instance. For example: the verb has to be in a plural style if there are numerous nominatives within a sentence or of different genders that agree with the previous sentence. The verb may also be omitted in some sentences. Present tense and past tense may change and their perception.[38]
The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages .[55] Nevertheless, Tulu is one of only five literary Dravidian languages, the other four beingTamil,Telugu,Kannada andMalayalam. The earliest available Tulu literature that survives to this date is the Tulu translation of the greatSanskrit epic ofMahabharata calledMahabharato (ಮಹಾಭಾರತೊ). It was written byArunabja (1657 AD), a poet who lived inKodavur nearUdupi[56] around the late 14th to early 15th century AD.[57]Other important literary works in Tulu are:
Devi Mahatmyam's (ಶ್ರೀ ದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ) 1200 AD – Tulu translation
Sri Bhagavata (ಶ್ರೀ ಭಾಗವತೊ) 1626 AD – written by Vishnu Tunga
Kaveri (1391 AD)
This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit.[4][58] Even today the official script of the eight Tulu monasteries (Ashta Mathas of Udupi) founded byMadhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu.[59][60] The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed.[60]
Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script.Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received theSahitya Akademi Award for best poetry.[61]Madipu,Mogaveera,Saphala andSamparka are popular Tulu periodicals published from Mangalore. The Tulu Sahitya Academy, established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, as also the Kerala Tulu Academy established by the Indian State Government of Kerala inManjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors to Tulu literature areKayyar Kinhanna Rai,M. K. Seetharam Kulal, Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa Rai,Venkataraja Puninchathaya, Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali.
The oral traditions of Tulu are one of the major traditions that greatly show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Tulu oral tradition and literature.
Paddanas: A form of oralepic poem sung in a highly stylised manner during theHindu rituals ofBhuta Kola andNagaradhane, which are peculiar to the Tulu people. These Paddanas are mostly legends about gods or historical personalities among the people. The longest of them beingSiri Paddana, which is about a woman called Siri who shows strength and integrity during adverse times and in turn attains divinity. The Paddana greatly depicts the independent nature of the Tulu womenfolk. The entire Paddana was written down byFinnish scholarLauri Honko[28] of theUniversity of Turku and it falls four lines short ofHomer'sIliad.
Riddles: They are another important aspect of Tulu oral traditions. These riddles are largely tongue twisting and mostly deal with kinship and agriculture.
Bhajans: Bhajans sung in numerous temples across the Tulu region are varied and are dedicated to various gods and goddesses. Most of these are of the Hindu tradition, others beingJain. They are sung in both theCarnatic style as well a style similar to what is used inYakshagana.
Kabitol: Songs sung during the cultivation of crops, the traditional occupation of the people. O Bele is considered the finest among them.[citation needed]
Theatre in the form of the traditionalYakshagana, prevalent in coastal Karnataka and northern Kerala has greatly preserved the finer aspects of the Tulu language. Yakshagana which is conducted in Tulu is very popular among the Tuluva people. It can also be seen as a form of temple art, as there are many Yakshagana groups that are attached to temples, for example that ofKateel Durga Parameshwari Temple as also theUdupi Krishna Temple.
Presently, eight professional Yakshagana troupes perform Tulu-language Yakshagana[citation needed] not only during the Yakshagana season but also during the off-season in various places in Karnataka and outside.[citation needed] InMumbai, Tulu Yakshagana is very popular among the Tulu audiences. More than 2,000 Yakshagana artistes take part in the performance in various places in Mumbai annually.[citation needed] Notable performers include Kalladi Koraga Shetty, Pundur Venkataraja Puninchathaya, Guru Bannanje Sanjiva Suvarna and Pathala Venkatramana Bhat.
Tulu plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in Tulu Nadu. Tulu plays, generally centered on the comic genre, are very popular in Mumbai andBangalore outside Tulu Nadu.[62]
TheTulu cinema industry is fairly small; it produces around five films annually. The first film,Enna Thangadi, was released in 1971. Usually these films are released in theatres across the Tulu Nadu region and on DVD.[63] The critically acclaimed filmSuddha won the award for Best Indian Film at theOsian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema inNew Delhi in 2006.[64][65][66] As of 2015,Oriyardori Asal (2011) has been the most commercially successful Tulu film.[67]Chaali Polilu is the longest-running film in Tulu film history, as well as the highest-grossing film in the Tulu film industry. It has successfully completed 470 days atPVR Cinemas in Mangalore.[68] The 2014 filmMadime was reported to be remade in Marathi, thereby becoming the first Tulu film to be remade in another language.[69]Shutterdulai was the first remake in Tulu cinema.[70]Eregla Panodchi is the second remake in Tulu cinemas. A suit for damages of Rs. 25 lakh was filed against the makers of the Telugu filmBrahmotsavam for copying the first 36 seconds of the songA...lele...yereg madme by Dr. Vamana Nandaavara found in theDeepanalike CD composed for the Siri channel.[71][72]Prajavani reported that with its dubbing rights sold to Hindi for Rs. 21 lakh, the 2018 movieUmil became the first Tulu movie to achieve the feat.[73] Ashwini Kotiyan (Chaya Harsha) became the first female director in the Tulu industry after directing and releasing her first movieNamma Kudla.[74]Brahmashree Narayana Guruswamy released on 2 May 2014 was the 50th Tulu film.[75]Panoda Bodcha marked the 75th release anniversary of a Tulu film.[74] The 100th Tulu movieKarne was released on 16 November 2018.[76]
Guddada Bhootha, a television series aired in 1990, was one of the successful ventures of Tulu entertainment. This mini-series has a suspense storyline based on a Tulu drama, showing the country life ofTulu Nadu region of India.[77] It was one of the popular TV series of that time. This series has a very famous title songDennana Dennana[78] sung byB. R. Chaya. This song along with the music were used inRangitaranga, aKannada movie.
The front cover of the Tulu dictionary published by Männer in 1886.
Tulu as a language continues to thrive in coastal Karnataka and Kasaragod inKerala.Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy,[79] an institute established by the state government of Karnataka in 1994, has introduced Tulu as a language in schools around coastal Karnataka, including Alva's High School,Moodbidri; Dattanjaneya High School, Odiyoor; Ramakunjeshwara English-medium High School, Ramakunja; and Vani Composite Pre-University College, Belthangady. Initially started in 16 schools,[80] the language is now taught in over 33 schools, of which 30 are in Dakshina Kannada district. More than 1500 students have opted to study this language.[81]
The Government of Kerala established theKerala Tulu Academy in 2007. The academy focuses on the retrieval and propagation of Tulu language and culture in Kerala through various activities such as organising seminars and publishing Tulu periodicals, etc. The academy is based in Hosangadi, Manjeshwar in Kasaragod.Tulu is also taught as a language at the post-graduate level inMangalore University, and there is a dedicated department for Tulu studies, translation and research atDravidian University[82] inKuppamAndhra Pradesh.The Government Degree College[83] at Kasaragod in Kerala also introduced a certificate course in Tulu for the academic year 2009–2010. It has also introduced Tulu as an optional subject in its Kannada post-graduation course. It has adopted syllabi from the books published by the Tulu Sahitya Academy.
German missionaries Kammerer and Männer were the first people to conduct research on the language. Kammerer collected about 3,000 words and their meanings before his death. Later his work was carried on by Männer, who completed the research and published the first dictionary of the Tulu language in 1886 with the help of the then-Madras government. The effort was incomplete, as it did not cover all aspects of the language. The Govinda Pai Research Centre at MGM College, Udupi started an 18-year Tulu lexicon project in the year 1979.[84]
Differentdialects, special vocabularies used for different occupational activities, rituals, and folk literature in the forms ofPaād-danāas were included in this project. The Centre has also released a six-volume, trilingual, modestly priced Tulu-Kannada-English lexicon.[85] The Tululexicon was awarded the Gundert Award for the bestdictionary in the country in 1996. In September 2011, the Academic Council of Mangalore University accepted a proposal, to allow the university and the colleges affiliated to it to offer certificates, diplomas and postgraduate diploma courses in Tulu, both in regular and correspondence modes.[86][87]
^ Tulu can be written in three different scripts:Tulu bāse is written in Tulu script,ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ inKannada script, andതുളു ഭാഷെ inMalayalam script.ಭಾಷೆbhāṣe,ಭಾಶೆ,bhāśe, andಬಾಶೆbāśe are alternative spellings for the Tulu wordbāse in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" inKannada isಭಾಷೆbhāṣe, but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer'sTulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary (1886) says, "ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆbāšè,bāsè,seeಭಾಷೆ." (vol. 1, p. 478), "ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆbhāšè,bhāshè,s. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronouncedಬಾಸೆbāse in Tulu. Note thatš andsh in his dictionary correspond toś andṣ, respectively, inISO 15919
^ Tulu can be written in three different scripts:Tulu bāse is written in Tulu script,ತುಳು ಬಾಸೆ inKannada script, andതുളു ഭാഷെ inMalayalam script.ಭಾಷೆbhāṣe,ಭಾಶೆ,bhāśe, andಬಾಶೆbāśe are alternative spellings for the Tulu wordbāse in the Kannada script. The correct spelling for the word "language" inKannada isಭಾಷೆbhāṣe, but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer'sTulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary (1886) says, "ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆbāšè,bāsè,seeಭಾಷೆ." (vol. 1, p. 478), "ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆbhāšè,bhāshè,s. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronouncedಬಾಸೆbāse in Tulu. Note thatš andsh in his dictionary correspond toś andṣ, respectively, inISO 15919
Hall, Edith (2002), "The singing actors of antiquity" inPat Easterling & Edith Hall, ed.,Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.ISBN0-521-65140-9
