Transportation inNew Jersey utilizes a combination of road, rail, air, and water modes. New Jersey is situated betweenPhiladelphia andNew York City, two major metropolitan centers of theBoston-Washington megalopolis, making it a regional corridor for transportation. As a result, New Jersey's freeways carry high volumes of interstate traffic and products. The main thoroughfare for long distance travel is theNew Jersey Turnpike, the nation's fifth-busiest toll road. TheGarden State Parkway connects the state's densely populatednorth to its southernshore region. New Jersey has the 4th smallest area of U.S. states,[3] but its population density of 1,196 persons per sq. mi (462 persons per km2)[3][4] causes congestion to be a major issue for motorists.[5]
New Jersey has a statewide mass transit system, centered on transportation to New York City and Philadelphia.New Jersey Transit, the chief operator of intrastate public transportation, managesthree separate light rail systems,eleven commuter rail lines, and astatewide bus system. ThePort Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) links transportation hubs inManhattan and northeastern New Jersey, while thePATCO Speedline connectsdowntown Philadelphia toCamden County, New Jersey. Intercity rail is operated byAmtrak along theNortheast Corridor between the major population centers of theNortheastern United States. In addition, New Jersey is home toNewark Liberty International Airport, the nation's fifth-busiest international gateway,[6] and thePort Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the principal container ship facility of thePort of New York and New Jersey.
New Jersey has 38,131 miles (61,366 km) of roads managed by state, county, and municipal governments and toll road authorities.[7] The major roadways fall under the jurisdiction of theNew Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), which operates the state highway system. State-owned highways and toll roads consist of 7% of road mileage and 66% of traffic volume. In contrast, county and municipal roads consist of 93% of road mileage and 34% of traffic volume.[7]
New Jersey, along withOregon, is one of only two states which prohibit customers from pumping gasoline at gas stations. (However, Oregon has recently changed the law, allowing self-service at night time in rural areas.) As a result, all gas stations are eitherfull service or minimum service.
According to the NJDOT, ajughandle is an "at-grade ramp" provided at or between intersections to permit motorists to make indirect left turns and/or U-turns. This design utilizes a setup that requires a motorist to use a ramp off the right lane of the main road in advance of the intersection or beyond the intersection. The NJDOT defines three types of jughandles in its design manual. "Type A" is the standard forward jughandle that intersects with a cross street. With forward ramps, all turning traffic (right and left) exit onto a jughandle ramp to the right. "Type B" is a variant with no cross-street intersected by the jughandle; it curves 90 degrees left to meet the main street, and is only used at a "T" intersection or a U-turn. "Type C" is the standard reverse jughandle; left-turning vehicles pass through the intersection and enter a ramp that loops roughly 270 degrees.[8] Jughandles can cause motorist confusion because turning setups are inconsistent among intersections, and such an alignment is unfamiliar to motorists outside of the northeastern United States.[9]
In the 1920s and 1930s,traffic circles were built throughout the state because they were viewed as an efficient way to move traffic through three or more intersecting roads.[10] As suburban and rural populations grew, the traffic circles became outdated because increased vehicle speed and traffic volume caused them to be more dangerous. Many traffic circles became notorious for having frequent accidents and being confusing, especially for non-locals.[11] Part of the confusion has arisen because a circle is comprised as a series of uncontrolled intersections, so the driver to the right (entering the circle) has the right of way. Since the 1970s, the NJDOT has begun phasing out traffic circles by building a road through the circle, adding traffic signals, adding grade separation, or converting the circle into amodern roundabout.[12][13][14]
ARight-in/right-out (RIRO) expressway (also called aJersey freeway) is a partiallylimited-accessdivided highway without at-grade intersections. Despite its name, it is not a true freeway because driveways provide direct access to adjacent properties. A RIRO expressway employs interchanges, tight-radius ramps, and right turns to eliminate signalized intersections. To increase safety, RIRO expressways have a continuous median barrier and speed limits are lower than typical freeways. Examples areNJ 4,NJ 17, andNJ 208.
TheNJDOT maintains the state's public road system. Each road is referred to as aRoute, and most major highways within New Jersey are under NJDOT jurisdiction (except toll roads). State Routes are signed with the standard circularhighway shield. Interstate Highways and U.S. Highways are assigned numbers corresponding to their existing route numbers, as there is no duplication between the systems. With the exception of Interstate Highways, most state highways are arterial roads with at-grade intersections, although several of these, such asNJ 24 andNJ 55, are built to freeway standards.
TheInterstate Highway System includes 431 miles (694 km) of New Jersey's expressways and carries 20 percent of all vehicle travel.[15] Interstate 95, which traverses the full length of theEast Coast, is the most heavily traveled roadway in the state. Turnpikes are not included in New Jersey's Interstate Highway network, except for the northern section of the New Jersey Turnpike.
| Even-numbered routes | Odd-numbered routes |
|---|---|
TheU.S. Highway system is complementary to the Interstate Highway System. New Jersey's U.S. Highways have been gradually replaced by Interstate Highways and toll roads for long-distance travel, although the routes are still important for regional travel. The system is composed of principal arterial roads, which may featurejughandle ramps, interchanges, andtraffic circles at major junctions.
| Even-numbered routes | Odd-numbered routes |
|---|---|
New Jersey has a 356-mile (573 km)[16] system oftoll roads maintained bystate agencies. Aside from portions of the New Jersey Turnpike designated as I-95 and I-78, none of the toll roads are Interstate Highways due to the restriction of tolled facilities or commercial establishments in the Interstate Highway System. New Jersey's toll roads are theNew Jersey Turnpike,Garden State Parkway, andAtlantic City Expressway. The New Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway are maintained by the New Jersey Turnpike Authority, and the Atlantic City Expressway is maintained by theSouth Jersey Transportation Authority. All toll roads have service areas, at which food, gas, and other commercial services are provided. In addition, New Jersey toll roads are assigned internal numbers by NJDOT—the New Jersey Turnpike is 700 (south of the split with I-95), the Garden State Parkway is 444, thePalisades Interstate Parkway (not tolled, but maintained by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission) is 445, and the Atlantic City Expressway is 446.
All 21 counties in New Jersey have designatedcounty routes. County routes are divided into500-series routes, which complement the state highway system, and the600-series routes assigned independently in each county. Each route is usually referred to by its preexisting local name in an address.
New Jersey hasinterstate compacts with all three neighboring states. ThePort Authority of New York and New Jersey, theDelaware River Port Authority (Pennsylvania), theDelaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (Pennsylvania), and theDelaware River and Bay Authority (Delaware) operate nearly all of the bridges and tunnels between other states. Tolls are collected in one direction; it is free to cross into New Jersey, but motorists must pay when exiting the state. The exception to this is theDingman's Ferry Bridge where tolls are charged both ways.
The following table lists bridges with an Interstate Highway or U.S. Highway route, the four bridges to Philadelphia, and the six crossings to New York City:
| Hudson River | Kill Van Kull | Arthur Kill |
|---|---|---|
| Delaware River | Within New Jersey | |
New Jersey Transit operates 247 bus routes throughout the state with 1785 buses under direct control and 327 buses leased to private operators.[17] New Jersey Transit provides local, commuter, and long-distance bus service in all 21 New Jersey counties. Outside of the state, New Jersey Transit has bus lines terminating at thePort Authority Bus Terminal andGeorge Washington Bridge Bus Terminal inManhattan, and theGreyhound Terminal inPhiladelphia. 2 routes, the 196 and 197 terminate inWarwick, New York. New Jersey Transit'sWheels division is operated under contract by private companies using smaller fleets.
Several private bus companies serve New Jersey. Most of these carriers operate with state funding to offset losses, and state owned buses are provided to these carriers of whichCoach USA companies make up the bulk. Other carriers include private charter and tour bus operators that take gamblers from other parts of New Jersey, New York City, Philadelphia, and Delaware to the casino resorts ofAtlantic City.Dollar vans augment other systems inHudson, easternBergen, andPassaic counties.
| Carrier | Areas of operation | |
|---|---|---|
| Academy | Commuter bus service fromBurlington,Middlesex,Monmouth, andOcean counties tolower andmidtown Manhattan | |
| Broadway Bus | Local bus service inBayonne | |
| Coach USA Carriers | Community Coach | Commuter bus service fromEssex andMorris counties |
| Hudson Transit Lines/Shortline | Commuter bus service fromBergen County toOrange County, New York,Rockland County, New York, and Manhattan; Casino bus service fromBergen,Hudson, andUnion counties to Atlantic City | |
| ONE Bus/Olympia Trails | Express bus fromNewark Liberty International Airport to Manhattan | |
| Rockland Coaches | Commuter and local bus service fromBergen County to Manhattan | |
| Suburban Trails | Commuter bus service from Middlesex County to Manhattan; local bus service in Middlesex County | |
| DeCamp Bus Lines | Charter Only | |
| Greyhound | Interstate bus service from terminals in Newark, Atlantic City, andMount Laurel | |
| Lakeland Bus Lines | Commuter and local bus service from Morris,Somerset, Union, andSussex counties to Manhattan | |
| Martz Trailways | Service fromWarren County to Manhattan | |
| OurBus | Commuter bus service fromMiddlesex County andEssex County to Manhattan; Intercity service from North and Central Jersey points to Maryland and Washington, DC | |
| Saddle River Tours/Ameribus[19] | Charter Only | |
| Susquehanna Trailways | Commuter bus service fromNewark andSomerville to Central Pennsylvania | |
| Trans-Bridge Lines | Service from theSkylands Region to and from Manhattan | |
Several cities in New Jersey are served by privatejitney buses, includingPaterson,Passaic,Union City,Jersey City, andAtlantic City. These services are operated with a variety of vehicles, from small cutaway minibuses, to full-sized coach buses. They operate without published schedules, but at high frequency. In some cases, buses run as often as once every minute.[20]
| Carrier | Areas of operation |
|---|---|
| Spanish Transportation | Paterson to New York viaRoute 4, Paterson/Passaic to New York viaRoute 3 |
| Community Lines[21] | Journal Square to New York viaKennedy Boulevard |
| Sphinx Transportation[22] | North Bergen to New York viaBoulevard East |
| Atlantic City Jitney Association | Local service in DowntownAtlantic City |
Numerous other small companies and owner-operators provide jitney bus service along major bus corridors inHudson County.
ThePort Authority of New York and New Jersey operates thePort Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH), linking the New Jersey cities of Newark, Harrison, Jersey City and Hoboken to Manhattan. Opened in 1908 as the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad, PATH has been operated by PANYNJ since 1962.
PATH has 13 stations and spans 13.8 miles (22.2 km) of route mileage (not including track overlap). PATH operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week. During normal hours, PATH operates four train services, using three terminals in New Jersey and two in Manhattan. On weekends, holidays, and from 11:00 pm to 5:00 am Monday to Friday, PATH combines the lines to operate two train services. Although there are no free transfers in Manhattan, several Manhattan stations are adjacent toNew York City Subway stations.
TheDelaware River Port Authority operates thePATCO Speedline betweenCamden County in New Jersey andCenter City, Philadelphia. The line has four stations in Philadelphia and nine stations in New Jersey, and is 14.2 miles (22.9 km) long.[23] The New Jersey stations havepark and ride facilities, and a major stop atWoodcrest Station is directly connected to Exit 31 ofInterstate 295. The PATCO Speedline operates 24 hours a day, although connecting rail facilities maintained bySEPTA and NJ Transit are closed during late night.
New Jersey Transit manages three separatelight rail lines: theHudson-Bergen Light Rail,Newark Light Rail, andRiver Line. All of New Jersey Transit's light rail systems operate on a proof-of-payment fare collection system, as is typical of light rail systems throughout the United States.
The oldest of the three systems is the Newark Light Rail, consisting of the original Newark City Subway and the newer Broad Street Line. The Newark City Subway was opened in 1935, and was the sole remaining streetcar line when New Jersey Transit took operations in 1980. The Broad Street Line, which operates betweenNewark Penn Station andBroad Street Station, was opened in 2006.
The Hudson-Bergen Light Rail and the River Line were constructed by New Jersey Transit during the early 2000s using the rights-of-way of freight railroads. The first Minimum Operating Segment of the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail was completed in 2002, and in 2006, service to its current northern terminus ofTonnele Avenue began. The River Line, despite not receiving federal funding due to low ridership projections, was completed in 2004. The River Line uses lightweight diesel multiple units, running along trackage owned byConrail betweenTrenton andCamden.
TheNew Jersey TransitRail Operations division consists of 11 lines and162 stations,[24] primarily concentrated in northern New Jersey. It is the largestcommuter rail system in the United States in terms of track mileage (951 route miles) and fourth-largest in terms of weekday ridership.[25] The rail lines are divided into two divisions: theHoboken Division, formerErie-Lackawanna Railroad lines that run fromHoboken Terminal or throughNewark-Broad St.; and theNewark Division, formerPennsylvania Railroad,CRNJ, andNYLBR lines that run throughNewark Penn Station on theNortheast Corridor. The Newark Division also includes theAtlantic City Line, previously operated by thePennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines. Across the system, stations range in size from urban complexes such asNew York Penn Station to simple stops with only a small platform. Additionally,SEPTA offers service to their stations in Center City Philadelphia from their termini on theWest Trenton Line and theTrenton Line.
| Hoboken Division | Newark Division |
|---|---|
Amtrak operatesintercity passenger rail service in New Jersey along theelectrifiedNortheast Corridor betweenBoston andWashington. Amtrak operates approximately 110 trains daily in New Jersey.[26]
Amtrak operates two local routes: theNortheast Regional andKeystone Service. TheNortheast Regional travels along the full length of the Northeast Corridor (except for a few trains which travel toSpringfield, Massachusetts). From Washington, some extended service travels to Virginia as far asNewport News,Norfolk orRoanoke. TheKeystone Service travels along the Northeast Corridor, and continues along theKeystone Corridor past30th Street Station. While certain trains only travel along the Keystone Corridor, others continue past Philadelphia to New York.
Amtrak's high-speedAcela Express uses tilting technology to reach a maximum speed of 135 miles per hour (217 km/h)[27] between Washington and New York. The speed of theAcela Express has made it competitive with the speed of regionalair shuttles, and has allowed it to capture over half of the air/rail market of the cities it passes through.[28]
The state's busiest Amtrak station,Penn Station in Newark, is also the 14th busiest station in the Amtrak system. This is mainly because it is frequently used as an alternative stop for Amtrak passengers traveling in the New York area, as well as its status as the sole intercity rail station in heavily populated northeastern New Jersey.
| Station | Train departures per week[29] | Passengers (FY 2009)[26] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acela Express | Northeast Regional | Keystone Service | ||
| Trenton | 10 | 310 | 116 | 411,869 |
| Princeton Junction | — | 20 | 14 | 40,623 |
| New Brunswick | — | 8 | 5 | 7,204 |
| Metropark | 85 | 269 | 11 | 369,477 |
| Newark Airport | — | 134 | 12 | 109,517 |
| Newark Penn Station | 176 | 310 | 116 | 630,939 |
In addition, Amtrak operates several daily and night trains, which stop atNewark Penn Station andTrenton Rail Station:
| Train | Terminals | Frequency[30] | Total stations | Route miles | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal | New York | Chicago | 3 trains per week | 32 | 1,147 miles (1,846 km) |
| Carolinian | New York | Charlotte | Daily | 24 | 704 miles (1,133 km) |
| Crescent | New York | New Orleans | Daily | 33 | 1,377 miles (2,216 km) |
| Palmetto | New York | Savannah | Daily | 20 | 829 miles (1,334 km) |
| Pennsylvanian | New York | Pittsburgh | Daily | 19 | 444 miles (715 km) |
| Silver Meteor | New York | Miami | Daily | 32 | 1,389 miles (2,235 km) |
| Silver Star | New York | Miami | Daily | 36 | 1,522 miles (2,449 km) |
| Vermonter | St. Albans | Washington | Daily | 30 | 611 miles (983 km) |
On theDelaware Bay, theDelaware River and Bay Authority (DRBA) operates theCape May – Lewes Ferry, a 17-mile (27 km) ferry betweenCape May,New Jersey andLewes,Delaware. The Cape May-Lewes Ferry carries both automobiles and foot passengers, and the ferry trip takes approximately 80 minutes one way.[31] The fleet includes three vessels, each having a capacity of approximately 100 cars and 1000 passengers.[32] The DRBA also operates theForts Ferry Crossing betweenFort Mott, New Jersey andFort Delaware andFort DuPont in Delaware.
TheDelaware River Port Authority manages theRiverLink Ferry between theCamden waterfront andPenn's Landing in Philadelphia. Its vessels are theIndependence, a 150-passenger vessel, andFreedom Ferry, a 600-passenger vessel.
Several private companies operate ferries from New Jersey toManhattan.[33][34] The largest privately owned ferry companies areBillyBey Ferry Company andNY Waterway, which run ferries fromHudson County on theHudson River,East River andUpper New York Bay andEast River. NY Waterway also operates a ferry betweenEdgewater and the 39th Street Terminal and a ferry fromBelford to Pier 11 atWall Street.Liberty Water Taxi operates routes fromLiberty State Park to theWorld Financial Center,Ellis Island andLiberty Island.SeaStreak operates ferries from theRaritan Bayshore throughThe Narrows.
In 2003, nearly 621 million tons of freight were transported into, out of, within, and through New Jersey.[35] One third of tonnage moves into the state, 27 percent moves outbound from the state, and 20 percent of tonnage moves within the state. The remaining 20 percent of tonnage consists of through traffic that originates and terminates outside of the state (based on truck and rail data).[35] Trucks account for 75 percent of all goods moved in New Jersey and 97 percent of the volume of intrastate goods by weight. 36 percent of inbound goods and 22 percent of outbound goods are transported by water.[35]
New Jersey's freight rail system allows cost-effective shipment of goods and reduces traffic on highways. In 2007, New Jersey railroads carried 1,434,930 carloads of freight: 749,587 carloads were imported and 555,444 carloads were exported.[36] The state has approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of rail freight lines,[37] operated by 3national railroads, 2regional railroads, and 14short-line railroads.[37] Major commodities shipped by rail includepetrochemicals, construction materials, food products, raw materials, and finished goods for manufacturers.[37]
ThePort Authority of New York and New Jersey manages thePort Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the principal container ship facility in thePort of New York and New Jersey. The facility consists of two integrated ports, Port Newark and the Elizabeth-Port Authority Marine Terminal, which sit next to each other. The Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal is situated onNewark Bay, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Liberty International Airport. It handles the largest container volume of any port in the eastern United States, and the third largest in the country.[38] Since the facility is largely automated, it requires few workers and less container handling.[39] The Port Authority also manages thePort Jersey along theBayonne/Jersey City waterfront.
New Jersey has three ports along the Delaware River managed by theSouth Jersey Port Corporation (SJPC). ThePort of Camden was established in 1834, and has been operated by the SJPC since 1928.[40] The Port of Camden, composed of the Broadway Terminal and the Beckett Street Terminal, has rail and highway connections, and its Broadway Produce Terminal is capable of handling live produce. The South Jersey Port Corporation also operates the Port ofSalem. The Port ofPaulsboro is located across the river from thePhiladelphia International Airport. Formerly aBP storage site for petroleum and chemicals, the facility is undergoing a renovation to relieve congestion from the ports of Camden.[41]
Twenty-four companies operate 35,121 miles (56,522 km) of pipelines in New Jersey. Of the total pipeline length, 94.2% is used for gas distribution, 4.2% is used for gas transmission, and 1.5% carries hazardous liquid.[42]
Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR) is the 10th-busiest airport and fifth-busiest international air gateway in the United States. Newark Liberty is operated by thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey, which manages the other two major airports in theNew York metropolitan area,John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) andLaGuardia Airport (LGA), along with three smaller airports includingTeterboro Airport. It is about 15 miles (24 km) southwest ofMidtown Manhattan (New York City).
In addition to domestic flights, Newark Liberty has extensive international service covering all inhabited continents except forOceania.United Airlines operates its third-largesthub at the facility, afterO'Hare International Airport inChicago, andGeorge W. Bush Intercontinental Airport inHouston, making it the airport's largest tenant. In 2001, Continental Airlines began non-stop service between Newark Liberty andHong Kong, making it the terminus of the world's longest non-stop scheduled airline route. Since 2001, Continental (merged with United) has expanded international service to includeBeijing,Shanghai, andDelhi.FedEx Express, which operates a large cargo hub at the airport, is the second-largest tenant. This hub design makes United Airlines by far the leading carrier in the New York market.[43] The parking and terminals are connected byAirTrain Newark, which links to theNewark Liberty International Airport Station for transfers to Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. The AirTrain runs 24 hours a day between the airport and train with NJ Transit. Day Trains run every three minutes from 5:00 am to midnight (from 07:00 pm on Sundays). In the night, the train runs every 15 minutes[44]
Aside from Newark International Airport, the only other scheduled airline service is atAtlantic City International Airport (ACY), a regional airport located 9 miles (14 km) northwest of downtownAtlantic City. ACY has two runways and one terminal; current construction will upgrade airport baggage handling, expand the terminal to 14 jet bridges, and enlarge the service apron.[45]Spirit Airlines is the airport's largest operator, andAirTran Airways has begun flights toAtlanta andOrlando from the airport.[46][47] In addition, the airport is used for general aviation, military purposes, FAA testing, and other research.
Located 12 miles (19 km) frommidtown Manhattan in theNew Jersey Meadowlands,Teterboro Airport is the main general aviation airport of New York City, and one of the busiest non-commercial airports in the country.[48] Teterboro Airport is operated by thePort Authority of New York and New Jersey.
Trenton-Mercer Airport is a regional airport located 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of downtownTrenton inEwing Township. The airport formerly hosted scheduled commercial service, but has been left without a commercial airline ever sinceBoston-Maine Airways terminated its flights to Hanscom Field inBedford,Massachusetts. It is currently used for general and corporate aviation. Streamline, a subsidiary of Charter Air Transport, is prepared to start commercial service at Trenton-Mercer Airport on April 5[needs update].[49]
TheMcGuire Air Force Base is an activeAir Force base located approximately 35 miles (56 km) east of Philadelphia that is part ofJoint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst. The base hosts the87th Air Base Wing,305th Air Mobility Wing, theAir Force Reserve Command's514th Air Mobility Wing, and theNew Jersey Air National Guard's108th Air Refueling Wing. McGuire is the only U.S. Air Force base hosting three AMC-gained flying wings of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve andAir National Guard.
