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| Trøndersk Norwegian | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | /ˈtrøːnˌdɛʂk/ |
| Region | Trøndelag,Nordmøre,Bindal,Frostviken |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | trnd1234 |
Trøndersk (Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœ̀ndəʂk]), also known astrøndermål (Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœ̀ndərmoːɫ]) ortrøndsk (Urban East Norwegian:[ˈtrœndsk]), is aNorwegian dialect, or rather a group of several sub-dialects. As is the case with all Norwegian dialects, it has no standardisedorthography, and its users write eitherBokmål orNynorsk.
It is spoken inTrøndelag county, theNordmøre district inMøre og Romsdal county, and inBindal Municipality inNordland county inNorway as well as inFrostviken in northernJämtland inSweden, which was colonized in the 18th century by settlers fromNord-Trøndelag and transferred to Sweden as late as 1751.[2] The dialect is, among other things, perhaps mostly characterized by the use ofapocope,palatalization and the use ofvoiced retroflex flaps (thick L). Historically it also applied to contiguous regions of Jämtland andHärjedalen.
The wordtrøndersk is anadjective describing aTrønder (aperson from Trøndelag) or anything coming from or relating to Trøndelag (including the dialect).
Some of the more conspicuous variations of these dialects of Norwegian, in addition to the aforementioned apocope and palatalization, are that most of the personal pronouns are pronounced differently than in Standard Norwegian, e.g. Trondheim dialect: 1st person singular nominative/æː/, commonly rendered as "æ" (Standard Norwegian "eg" (Nynorsk) / "jeg" (Bokmål)), or 2nd person plural accusative/dɔkː/ or/dɔkːɛr/, commonly spelled "dokker" or "dåkker" (Standard Norwegian "de/dokker" (Nynorsk) / "dere" (Bokmål)). Variation among personal pronouns is common in most Norwegian dialects. The 1st person singular has a particularly high variability in the Trønder dialects.
Trøndersk features phonemicpitch accent in monosyllabic words, namely those that were disyllabic inOld Norse but later became monosyllabic due toapocope. This creates minimal pairs not found in most other varieties of Norwegian. In dialects with thedative case, an example of that would be the difference between the dative form of a neuter noun as compared with the nominative form. The latter is pronounced with Tone 1, whereas the former often has Tone 2. Outsiders are rarely able to hear the distinction between them as in most other varieties of Norwegian (and Swedish) pitch accent is phonemic only in non-final syllables of polysyllabic words.
TheMeldal subdialect has a realization of/iː/ as a syllabic, palatalizeddental approximant[ð̩ʲ˕ː]. This sound is also found in some dialects of Swedish.[3][4]
In the subdialect of the traditional district ofNamdalen, Old Norse/aː/ is often realized as a wide diphthong[ɑu]. This is also the case in the interior dialectSogn, as well as inJamtlandic, the dialect ofVoss, and theIcelandic language.
| Trøndersk | Norwegian(Nynorsk) | Norwegian(Bokmål) | English | French | High German | Swedish | Icelandic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ka, kå, ke | kva | hva | what | que/quoi | was | vad | hvað |
| kæmm, ken | kven | hvem | who | qui | wer | vem | hver |
| kordan, kålles, kess, koss, koss'n, kossj'n | korleis | hvordan | how | comment | wie | hur | hvernig |
| æ, æg, i, e, eg, ej, je, jæ | eg | jeg | I | je | ich | jag | ég |
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)| Varieties |
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