| Toyota A engine | |
|---|---|
.jpg) 4A-C engine | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1978–2006 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | SOHC,DOHC |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Carbureted,Fuel injected |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
TheToyota A Series engines are a family ofinline-fourinternal combustion engines withdisplacement from 1.3 L to 1.8 L produced byToyota Motor Corporation. The series hascast ironengine blocks and aluminumcylinder heads. To make the engine as short as possible, the cylinders aresiamesed.[1]
The development of the series began in the late 1970s, when Toyota wanted to develop a completely new engine for theToyota Tercel, the successor of Toyota'sK engine.[2] The goal was to achieve goodfuel efficiency and performance as well as low emissions with a modern design.[3][4] The A-series includes one of the first Japanese mass-productionDOHC,four-valve-per-cylinder engines, the 4A-GE, and a later version of the same engine was one of the first production five-valve-per-cylinder engines.[5]
Toyota joint venture partner Tianjin FAW Xiali produces the 1.3 L8A and resumed production of the5A in 2007.
| 1A | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1978–1980 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-four engine |
| Displacement | 1.5 L (1,452 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 77.5 mm (3.05 in) |
| Piston stroke | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | SOHC 2 valves x cyl. |
| Compression ratio | 9.0:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Single 2-barrel downdraftcarburetor |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 80 PS (59 kW; 79 hp) |
| Torque output | 11.5 kg⋅m (113 N⋅m; 83 lbf⋅ft) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | T |
| Successor | 3A |
The 1.5 L1A was produced between 1978 and 1980.[6] All variants were belt-driven 8-valvecounter-flowSOHC engines with a single, twin-barrel downdraftcarburetor. It used Toyota's Turbulence Generating Pot (TGP) lean combustion system to meet Japanese emissions standards at the time with only anoxidation (2-way) catalyst.[7] The 1A engine was only 550 mm (21.6 in) long.[8]
Applications:
Using Toyotatwo-way catalyst.
Output:
Applications:
| 2A | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1979–1989 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Displacement | 1.3 L; 79.0 cu in (1,295 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 76 mm (2.99 in) |
| Piston stroke | 71.4 mm (2.81 in) |
| Cylinder block material | cast-iron |
| Cylinder head material | aluminum |
| Valvetrain | SOHC 2 valves x cyl. |
| Compression ratio | 9.3:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Single downdraft carburetor |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output |
|
| Torque output |
|
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 4K |
| Successor | 2E |
The 1.3 L2A was produced from 1979 through 1989. 2A engines in 1982 onwardsAL20 Tercels have a slightly different valve cover and timing belt cover than earlyAL11 Tercels, as well as anautomatic choke, and automatically controlledhot air intake (HAI) system. It also has highercompression ratio, and reformulatedcombustion chambers to improve thefuel economy andemissions. All variants used belt-driven SOHC eight-valvecounter-flow cylinder heads with a single downdraft carburetor.
Output:
Applications:
Using Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.
Output:
Applications:
| 3A | |
|---|---|
 1979 Toyota 3A-U engine | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1979–1989 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Displacement | 1,452 cc (1.5 L) |
| Cylinder bore | 77.5 mm (3.05 in) |
| Piston stroke | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | SOHC 2 valves x cyl. |
| Compression ratio | 9.0:1, 9.3:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Single carburetor |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output |
|
| Torque output |
|
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 1A |
| Successor | 5A,3E |
The 1.5 L3A was produced from 1979 through 1989. The 3A engine is the successor of Toyota's first A engine, the 1A. All variants were belt-driven eight-valvecounter-flowSOHC engines but no longer used Toyota's "Turbulence Generating Pot" pre-combustion system from the 1A.
Output:
Applications:
Using Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter. On some models marked as 3A-II.
Output:
Applications:
High compression version with Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.
Output:
Applications:
Twin carburetted swirl-intake version with Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter, introduced in August 1984 along with a facelift for the Tercel (and its sister variants) in Japan.[12] Features twovariable-venturi carburetors, which Toyota wanted to test in Japan before launching them in export alongE series engine, albeit in single carburetted version. Because of the swirl-intake, the sealing surface between cylinder head and valve cover is different from other SOHC A-engines, featuring vertical curves on the manifold side of the head. Thus, those parts are not interchangeable between each other.[citation needed] The swirl was supposed to improve burning of the air-fuel mixture, thus enabling cleaner emissions, improving fuel economy, and increasing power.
Output:
Applications:
| 4A | |
|---|---|
 4A-C Engine in a 1987AE86 SR5 Corolla | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1982–2002 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline-4 |
| Displacement | 1,587 cc (1.6 L) |
| Cylinder bore | 81 mm (3.19 in) |
| Piston stroke | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | |
| Valvetrain drive system | Timing belt |
| Compression ratio | 8.0:1, 8.9:1, 9.0:1, 9.3:1, 9.4:1, 9.5:1, 10.3:1, 10.5:1, 11.0:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Supercharger | Toyota SC12 (4A-GZE) |
| Turbocharger | No |
| Fuel system | |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Oil system | Wet sump |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 2T |
| Successor | 3ZZ |
The4A was produced from 1980 through 2002. All 4A engines have adisplacement of 1,587 cc (1.6 L). Thecylinderbore was enlarged from the previous 3A engines at 81 mm (3.19 in), but thestroke remained the same as the 3A at 77 mm (3.03 in), giving it anover-square bore/stroke ratio which favours high engine speeds.
Numerous variations of the 4A design were produced, from basicSOHC 8-valve all the way toDOHC20-valve versions. The power output also varied greatly between versions, from 52 kW (71 PS; 70 hp) at 4,800 rpm in the basic California-spec4A-C to 125 kW (170 PS; 168 hp) at 6,400 rpm in thesupercharged4A-GZE.
The basic4A is a SOHC 8 valve carburated engine which produces 78–90 PS (57–66 kW; 77–89 hp) at 4800 rpm and 115 N⋅m (85 lb⋅ft) of torque at 2800 rpm, though the power and torque output figures vary between different regions of the world. in European versions, the combustion chambers were reformulated in early 1986, resulting in an increase of 2 hp, up to 63 kW (86 PS; 85 hp) at 5600 rpm, along with improvements in fuel economy and emissions.[13]
North American market engines:
European (and other) market engines: (excepting Sweden and Switzerland)
Australian/Swiss/Swedish market engines:Australia, Sweden, and Switzerland shared emissions rules for a period in the 1970s and eighties.
Fuel injection was added. This increased output to 74 kW (100 PS; 99 hp) at 5600 rpm and 13 kg⋅m (127 N⋅m; 94 lbf⋅ft) at 4000 rpm.This version is also equipped with Toyota TTC-C catalytic converter.
Applications:
A narrow-valve (22.3°) DOHC 16-valve carburetor-equipped version, the4A-F, was produced from 1987 through 1990. Output was 70 kW (95 PS; 94 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 13.8 kg⋅m (135 N⋅m; 100 lbf⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm (compression at 9.5:1, EU spec).[16][17] This engine featured an aluminum-alloy cylinder head with scissor-gear driventwin overhead camshafts, centered spark plugs, and employedpent-roof combustion chambers which were designed to improve thermal efficiency. It also featured a fully counterweighted crankshaft with five journals and eight balance weights. The 4A-F was designed to provide more powerful torque in the low-to-mid RPM range as well improving top-end power output.[17]
This engine was the first in the series to use Toyota's dual camshaft system known asHigh-Mecha Twin Cam, where the timing belt drives the exhaust camshaft and the exhaust camshaft then drives the inlet camshaft via scissor gears.[18][19][20] The inlet camshaft acts as a slave camshaft to the exhaust camshaft (the latter acting as a master camshaft for the engine), which led to the system being unofficially known as the "slave-cam system". In contrast, on the 4A-GE engines, both camshafts are driven directly by the timing belts rather than being geared together.
Applications:
Thefuel injected4A-FE is the successor of the carbureted 4A-F, manufactured from 1987–2001. Toyota designed this engine with fuel economy in mind. The 4A-FE is basically the same as the4A-F (introduced in thesixth generation of Corollas), the most apparent difference being the electronic fuel injection system as noted by the 'E'. The engine was succeeded by the3ZZ-FE, a 1.6-liter engine withVVT-i technology.
There are three generations of this engine, which can be identified by the external shape of the engine. The first generation (1987–1996) featured a plate on the head which read "16 valve EFI" and fuel injectors in the head.[21]
The second generation had a higher profile cam design in the head, a cam cover with ribs throughout its length, and fuel injectors in the intake manifold runners. Mechanically, the late-model engines receivedMAP load sensing and redesigned pistons, intake ports, and intake manifold. The second generation engine was produced from 1992–1998 (1993–1996 in the US).[21]
The third generation (1996–2001) was released exclusively for the Asian market (Japan, Philippines, Pakistan, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia) only. Although it is very similar to the second generation externally, it only has a slight difference in the top section of the intake manifold and throttle body. This last generation also has a higher additional output of 5 hp (4 kW) compared to the second generation.[citation needed]
North American market engines:
European market engines:
Asian market engines:
Note: power and torque specs for North America and Europe are from the 1988–1992 Corollas.
The 4A-FE is different from the 4A-GE in terms of performance and power. Although both have the same displacement and are DOHC, they were optimized for different uses. The first obvious difference are the valves, the engine's intake and exhaust valves were placed 22.3° apart (compared to 50° in the G-Engines). The second is that it employed Toyota'sHigh-Mecha Twin Cam system,[18] where both camshafts are geared together with a singular timing belt driving the exhaust camshaft and the exhaust camshaft drives the inlet camshaft via scissor gears (both camshafts on the G-Engine are driven by the timing belts instead).[20] Some of the less directly visible differences were compact combustion chamber designs with heavily shrouded valves, less aggressive camshaft profiles, a cast crankshaft (rather than a forged crankshaft in the 4A-GE), ports of a small cross sectional area, a very restrictive intake manifold with long runners joined to a small displacement plenum and other changes. Even though the valve angle is closer to what is considered in some racing circles[who?] to be ideal for power (approximately 25 degrees), its other design differences and the intake which is tuned for a primary harmonic resonance at low RPM means that it has about 10% less power compared to the 4A-GE engine. This engine design improvesfuel efficiency and torque, but compromises power. Power ratings varied from 75–78 kW (100–105 hp) in the US market.
Same as the first generation 4A-FE, only more aggressive tune for more output. Called an EFI-S engine.
Output:
Applications:
The4A-GE was a series of high-performance four-cylinder twincam engines made by Toyota in collaboration withYamaha Motor Corporation. The cylinder head was developed by Yamaha and was built at Toyota's Shimoyama plant alongside the 4A and 2A engines.[23] The reliability and performance of these engines has earned them a fair number of enthusiasts and a fan base as they are a popular choice for an engine swap into other Toyota cars such as the KE70 and KP61. New performance parts are still available for sale even today because of its strong fan base. Production of the various models of this version lasted for five generations, from May 1983 through 1991 for the 16-valve versions and up to 2000 for the20-valve4A-GE versions.
The first-generation 4A-GE which was introduced in May 1983 replaced the2T-G as Toyota's most popular twincam engine.[24] This engine was identifiable via silver cam covers with the lettering on the upper cover painted black and blue, as well as the presence of three reinforcement ribs on the back side of the block. It was extremely light and strong for a production engine using an all-iron block, weighing in at only 123 kg (271 lb) - over fifteen percent reduction compared to 2T-GEU. It was also 4 dB quieter.[24] While originally conceived of as a two-valve design, Toyota and Yamaha changed the 4A-GE to a four-valve after a year of evaluation.[25]
The 4A-GE produced 84 kW (112 hp) at 6,600 rpm and 131 N⋅m (97 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,800 rpm in the American market. The use of a vane-typeair flow meter (AFM), which restricted air flow slightly but produced cleaner emissions that conformed to the U.S. regulations, limited the power considerably - the Japanese model, which uses amanifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, was originally rated at 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp). However, this was a gross power rating and the engine was later re-rated at 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) in net output. Nonetheless, Japanese cars tested no faster than their American counterparts despite their higher power rating and a lower curb weight.[26]
Yamaha designed the engine for performance; the valve angle was a relatively wide 50 degrees, which at the time was believed to be ideal for high power production.[25] Today, many modern high-revving engines have decreased the valve angle to 20 to 25 degrees, allowing for a more smaller and compact cylinder head and is now believed to be ideal for high-revving engines with high specific power outputs. Despite this, most high-performance racing engines still employ wide valve angles which allow for straighter ports and more efficient air flow.
The first-generation 4A-GE is nicknamed the "bigport" engine because it had intake ports of a very large cross-sectional area. While the port cross-section was suitable for a very highly modified engine at very high engine speeds, it caused a considerable drop in low-end torque due to the decreased air speeds at those rpm. To compensate for the reduced air speed, the first-generation engines included theT-VIS feature, in which dual intake runners are fitted withbutterfly valves that opened at approximately 4,200 rpm. The effect is that at lower rpm (when the airspeed would normally be slow) four of the eight runners are closed, which forces the engine to draw in all its air through half the runners in the manifold. This not only raises the airspeed which causes better cylinder filling, but due to the asymmetrical airflow a swirl is created in the combustion chamber, meaning better fuel atomization. This enabled the torque curve to still be intact at lower engine speeds, allowing for better performance across the entire speed band and a broad, flat torque curve around the crossover point.[27] During rising engine speed, a slight lurch can occur at the crossover point and an experienced driver will be able to detect the shift in performance. Production of the first-generation engine model lasted until May 1987.
The second-generation 4A-GE produced from June 1987 to May 1989 featured larger diameter bearings for the connecting-rod big ends 42 mm (1.65 in) and added four additional reinforcement ribs on the back of the engine block, for a total of seven. TheT-VIS feature is retained, as well as the MAP sensor (MAF sensor in the US-market). It is visually similar to the first-generation engine (only the upper cam cover now featured red and black lettering) and the US-market power output was only increased to 115 hp (86 kW). The first- and second-generation engines are very popular with racers and tuners because of their availability, ease of modification, simple design, and lightness.
The third-generation appeared in June 1989 and was in production until June 1991. This engine has the silver cam covers with the words only written in red, hence the nickname "red top". Toyota increased thecompression ratio from 9.4:1 to 10.3:1. To correct the air-speed problems of the earlier generations, the intake ports in thiscylinder head were re-designed to have a smaller cross-section, and hence it has been nicknamed the "smallport" head. This change in the intake ports negated the need for the earlier twin-runnerintake manifold and it was replaced with a single-runner manifold. Additional engine modifications to extend life and reliability included under-piston cooling oil squirters, thickerconnecting rods and other components. Also of note, the pistons were changed to utilize a 20 mm (0.79 in) fully floatinggudgeon pin unlike the 18 mm (0.71 in) pressed-in pins of the earlier versions. Other internal revisions were made to the pistons. They were slightly modified to make space for the under-piston cooling oil squirters found in this engine version. In addition to this, the piston ring size were changed to 1.2 mm (0.047 in) (top ring), 1.5mm (second ring) and 2.8 mm (0.11 in) (oil ring), this change in size made it difficult to obtain as compared to the earlier 16 valves versions of the 4A-GE 1.5 mm (0.059 in) (top ring), 1.5 mm (0.059 in) (second ring), 3 mm (0.12 in) (oil ring).[citation needed] All non-US market 4A-GEs continued to use a MAP sensor, while all of the US-market 4A-GE engines came with a MAF sensor. For US-market cars, this revision increased the power to 92 kW (123 hp; 125 PS) at 7200 rpm with a torque of 15.2 kg⋅m (149 N⋅m; 110 lbf⋅ft) at 4800 rpm. In non-US market cars, this revision produced 100 kW (140 hp; 140 PS) at 7200 rpm and torque at 15 kg⋅m (147 N⋅m; 108 lbf⋅ft) at 4800 rpm.
The 4A-GE engine was first introduced in the 1983Sprinter TruenoAE86 and theCorolla LevinAE86. The AE86 marked the end of the 4A-GE as arear wheel drive (RWD or FR) mounted engine. Alongside the RWD AE86/AE85 coupes, afront wheel drive (FWD or FF) Corolla was produced and all future Corollas/Sprinters were based around the FF layout. TheAW11MR2 continued use of the engine as arear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout,transversely-mounted midship. The engine was retired from North American Corollas in 1991, although it continued to be available in theGeo Prizm GSi (sold through Chevrolet dealerships) from 1990 to 1992. All 4A-GE engines (including the 20-valve versions below) feature a forgedcrankshaft rather than a cheaper and more commonly used cast version.
Clarification: In the U.S. market, the 4A-GE engine was first used in the 1985 model year Corolla GT-S only, which is identified as an "AE88" in the VIN but uses the AE86 chassis code on the firewall as the AE88 is a "sub" version of the AE86. The 4A-GE engines for the 1985 model year are referred to as "blue top" as opposed to the later "red top" engines, because the paint color on the valve covers is different, to show the different engine revision, using different port sizes, different airflow metering, and other minor differences on the engine.
The American Spec AE86 (VIN AE88, or GT-S) carried the 4A-GE engine. In other markets, other designations were used. Much confusion exists, even among dealers, as to which models contained what equipment, especially since Toyota split the Corolla line into both RWD and FWD versions, and the GT-S designation was only well known as a Celica version at that time.
| Gen 1 "Blue Top" (Early Bigport) | Gen 2 "Red & Black Top" (Late Bigport) | Gen 3 "Red Top" (Smallport) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Production | May 1983–May 1987 | June 1987–May 1989 | June 1989–June 1991 |
| Layout | DOHC Straight-4 (Inline-4) | ||
| Capacity | 1,587 cc (1.6 L; 96.8 cu in) | ||
| Bore × Stroke | 81.0 mm × 77.0 mm (3.19 in × 3.03 in) | ||
| Valves | 16 valves, 4 per each cylinder | ||
| Ignition | Distributor | ||
| Fuel Delivery System | MPFI | ||
| Fuel Metering | Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) (Japan-spec) Air Flow Meter (AFM) (US-spec) | ||
| Fuel Requirements | Regular / Premium Switch Selectable (US: 87–91 AKI; Japan: 90–100 RON) | ||
| Maximum Redline | 7,600 rpm | ||
| Dry Weight | 154 kg (340 lb) (withT50 gearbox) | ||
| Horsepower | 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) at 6,600 rpm (Japan-spec; gross rating) 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 6,600 rpm (Japan-spec; net output) 112 hp (84 kW; 114 PS) at 6,600 rpm (US-spec) | 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 6,600 rpm (Japan-spec) 115 hp (86 kW; 117 PS) at 6,400 rpm (US-spec) | 140 PS (103 kW; 138 hp) at 7,200 rpm (Japan-spec) 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) at 7,200 rpm (US-spec) |
| Torque | 15.1 kg⋅m (148 N⋅m; 109 lbf⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm (Japan-spec; gross rating) 14.5 kg⋅m (142 N⋅m; 105 lbf⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm (Japan-spec; net output) 13.4 kg⋅m (131 N⋅m; 97 lbf⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm (US-spec) | 14.5 kg⋅m (142 N⋅m; 105 lbf⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm (Japan-spec) 13.4 kg⋅m (131 N⋅m; 97 lbf⋅ft) at 5,800 rpm (US-spec) | 15.1 kg⋅m (148 N⋅m; 109 lbf⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm (Japan-spec) 15.2 kg⋅m (149 N⋅m; 110 lbf⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm (US-spec) |
| Compression Ratio | 9.0:1 | 9.4:1 | 10.3:1 |
| Variable Intake System | T-VIS | None | |
| Intake Valve Diameter | 29.5 mm (1.16 in) | ||
| Exhaust Valve Diameter | 25.5 mm (1.00 in) | ||
| Intake Valve Lift | 7.1 mm (0.28 in) | ||
| Exhaust Valve Lift | 7.1 mm (0.28 in) | ||
| Injector Size | Top-Feed 365 cc | ||
| Piston Cooling | No | ||
The fourth-generation 4A-GE engine was produced from 1991 to 1995. It has silver cam covers with chrome lettering, hence the nickname "silver top". This engine yet again features a completely new cylinder head which uses five valves per cylinder instead of four. It uses Toyota's Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system on the intake cam, an increased compression ratio (10.5:1), and the intake system was replaced with a short manifold with individual throttles andvelocity stacks, however the vane-typeairflow meter was retained, requiring the use of a plenum. The previous 16-valve head used a sharply curved intake port, while the 20-valve engine used a very upright straight port. This engine produces 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) at 7,400 rpm with 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 5,200 rpm.
In South Africa, the 7A-FE engine was used in place of the 20-valve 4A-GE engine in 1993 despite other countries (except North America) moving towards the new engine, as South African fuel was not suitable at the time for the 20-valve 4A-GE engines. The 20-valve 4A-GE engine would eventually arrive in the Corolla RXi and RSi in the "black top" revision in 1997.[citation needed]
Applications:
The fifth-generation 4A-GE engine produced from 1995 to 2000 is the final version of the 4A-GE engine and has black cam covers. It uses Toyota Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system on the intake cam. This engine is commonly known as the "black top" due to the color of the valve cover, and yet again features an even higher compression ratio (11:1). The air flow sensor was replaced by a MAP sensor, the diameter of the four individual throttle bodies was increased from 43 to 45 mm (1.69 to 1.77 in), the exhaust ports diameter were increased by 3 mm, the intake cam lift was increased from 7.9 to 8.2 mm (0.31 to 0.32 in), and the intake ports were significantly improved in shape and contour, with the width of the opening at the head increased as well. Additionally, the black top had a lighter flywheel, a larger plenum, lighter connecting rods and revised rubber velocity stacks, and was also offered in 1997 with a six-speed C160 transaxle. This revision increased the power to 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 7,800 rpm with 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 5,600 rpm. The 'Blacktop' has become a favorite among enthusiasts and is used as an easy power upgrade for the early Toyota Corolla models, especially for use in thedrift scene. Due to the relatively high state of tuning of the stock engine, most power/torque gains come from higher lift cams and engine management.
It has been believed that Toyota's power figures for the 20-valve engines are inflated; this statement was more than likely caused by people using less than 100RON fuel (Japanese premium fuel standard; roughly equivalent to 94AKI or (R+M)/2 fuel) that both 20-valve engines require.[citation needed]
| Gen 4 "Silver Top" | Gen 5 "Black Top" | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Production | June 1991–May 1995 | May 1995–August 2000 | |
| Layout | DOHC Straight-4 (Inline-4) | ||
| Capacity | 1,587 cc (1.6 L; 96.8 cu in) | ||
| Bore × Stroke | 81.0 mm × 77.0 mm (3.19 in × 3.03 in) | ||
| Valves | 20 valves, 5 per each cylinder | ||
| Ignition | Distributor | ||
| Fuel Delivery System | MPFI | ||
| Fuel Metering | Air Flow Meter (AFM) | Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) | |
| Fuel Requirements | 100 RON Premium (94 AKI or (R+M)/2) | ||
| Maximum Redline | 8,000 rpm | ||
| Horsepower | 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp) at 7,400 rpm | 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 7,800 rpm | |
| Torque | 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lbf⋅ft) at 5,200 rpm | 16.5 kg⋅m (162 N⋅m; 119 lbf⋅ft) at 5,600 rpm | |
| Compression Ratio | 10.5:1 | 11.0:1 | |
| Variable Valve Timing | ToyotaVVT (intake cam) | ||
| Intake Valve Diameter | 43 mm (1.7 in) | 45 mm (1.8 in) | |
| Exhaust Valve Diameter | 7.1 mm (0.28 in) | 7.4 mm (0.29 in) | |
| Intake Valve Lift | 7.9 mm (0.31 in) | 8.2 mm (0.32 in) | |
| Exhaust Valve Lift | 7.1 mm (0.28 in) | 7.4 mm (0.29 in) | |
| Injector Size | Top-Feed 365 cc | ||
| Piston Cooling | No | ||
The4A-GZE was asupercharged version of the 4A-GE produced in various forms from August 1986 through 1995. All three generations shared forged and ceramic coated pistons, a SC12Roots type supercharger, and a stronger 7-rib block and crankshaft, similar to the 1987–1989 "Late Bigport" second-generation 4A-GE.[28]Toyota Racing Development also developedsupercharger kits for the 4A-GZE engines.[clarification needed]
The 4A-GZE is popular for turbo conversions, as many parts do not need to be modified to support the extra boost.[29]
The first-generation 4A-GZE produced 8 psi (0.55 bar) peak manifold pressure. It used dished, forged and coated pistons with an 8.0:1 compression ratio. Compared to the 4A-GE, the main differences for the long block were casting holes for a knock sensor and coolant bypass pipes, lower duration cam timing (232º), the upgraded pistons, different valve covers, and the omission ofT-VIS. The first-generation 4A-GZE was rated at 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp) at 6400 rpm and 19.4 kg⋅m (190 N⋅m; 140 lbf⋅ft) at 4400 rpm.
The 4A-GZE was first used in the 1986 superchargedToyota MR2 AW11 until May 1989. It was also used in the 1987–1989Toyota Corolla AE92 andSprinter AE92 (Japan-only). Despite having the same specifications, the MR2 was equipped with a distributor and a single ignition coil while the Corolla and Sprinter was equipped with a distributor-less design and twin coil packs.
Applications:
In late 1989, the 4A-GZE was updated with an 8.9:1 compression, and MAP D-Jetronic load sensing and a smaller supercharger pulley producing 10 psi (0.69 bar). These updated 4A-GZE engines were rated at 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) and 21.2 kg⋅m (208 N⋅m; 153 lbf⋅ft).[30] Fuel requirements were increased from this generation onwards, requiring at least 100 RON fuel. It can be denoted by a gray cover on the top-mounted intercooler with an emblem reading "Twin Cam 16 Supercharger". While this cover was also used on early AE92s with the first-generation 4A-GZE, the lack of AFM and its subsequent replacement with MAP in the later AE92s makes this generation easily recognizable.
Applications:
In mid 1991, the 4A-GZE was further upgraded with the "smallport" cylinder head and the block was equipped with piston skirt oil jets for cooling. These minimal updates further increased output to 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) and 21.2 kg⋅m (208 N⋅m; 153 lbf⋅ft).[30] It can be denoted by a black cover on the top-mounted intercooler with an emblem featuring Toyota's then-new logo followed by the word "Supercharger". While its naturally aspirated counterpart (4A-GE) used five valves per cylinder for a total of 20 valves in its redesigned cylinder head during this timeframe, the 4A-GZE's cylinder head remained unchanged and continued to use four valves per cylinder for a total of 16 valves.
Applications:
| Gen 1 | Gen 2 | Gen 3 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production | June 1985–May 1989 | May 1989–June 1991 | June 1991–May 1995 | |
| Layout | DOHC Straight-4 (Inline-4) | |||
| Capacity | 1,587 cc (1.6 L; 96.8 cu in) | |||
| Bore × Stroke | 81.0 mm × 77.0 mm (3.19 in × 3.03 in) | |||
| Valves | 16 valves, 4 per each cylinder | |||
| Ignition | Distributor (AW11), DLI (AE92) | DLI | ||
| Fuel Delivery System | MPFI | |||
| Fuel Metering | Air Flow Meter (AFM) | Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) | ||
| Fuel Requirements | Regular / Premium Switch Selectable (US: 87–91 AKI; Japan: 90–100 RON) | 100 RON Premium (94 AKI or (R+M)/2) | ||
| Maximum Redline | 7,600 rpm | |||
| Horsepower | 145 PS (107 kW; 143 hp) at 6400rpm | 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) at 6400rpm | 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp) at 6400rpm | |
| Torque | 19.4 kg⋅m (190 N⋅m; 140 lbf⋅ft) at 4400rpm | 21.2 kg⋅m (208 N⋅m; 153 lbf⋅ft) at 4400rpm | ||
| Compression Ratio | 8.0:1 | 8.9:1 | 8.9:1 | |
| Variable Intake System | None | |||
| Intake Valve Diameter | 29.5 mm (1.16 in) | |||
| Exhaust Valve Diameter | 25.5 mm (1.00 in) | |||
| Intake Valve Lift | 7.1 mm (0.28 in) | |||
| Exhaust Valve Lift | 7.1 mm (0.28 in) | |||
| Injector Size | Top-Feed 365 cc | |||
| Supercharger | SC12 | |||
| Factory Boost | 7–8 psi (0.48–0.55 bar) | 9–10 psi (0.62–0.69 bar) | ||
| Piston Cooling | No | Oil Jets | ||
Due to its durability, performance and relatively low cost, 4A-GE and 4A-GZE engines and their derivatives have been popular for both professional and amateur racing since their introduction. The most notable application of the 4A-GE in racing was as in theFormula Atlantic series, where in full race trim the engine will produce 250 PS (184 kW; 247 hp) at 10,000 rpm.
| 5A | |
|---|---|
 5A-FE engine | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1987–2006 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Displacement | 1,498 cc (1.5 L) |
| Cylinder bore | 78.7 mm (3.10 in) |
| Piston stroke | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | DOHC 4 valves x cyl. |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Carburetor, Fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output |
|
| Torque output |
|
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 3A |
| Successor | 1NZ |
The 1.5 L (1,498 cc)5A was produced from 1987 through 2006. Thecarbureted5A-F was produced in 1987 and thefuel injected5A-FE was produced that year and again from 1995 through 1998. Both used a cylinder bore and stroke of 78.7 mm × 77 mm (3.10 in × 3.03 in) and had 4 valves per cylinder with DOHC heads using the narrow-valve (22.3°) angle. It uses the sameHigh-Mecha Twin Cam system from the 4A-F and 4A-FE.
Output for the carb version was 85 PS (63 kW; 84 hp) at 6000 rpm and 12.4 kg⋅m (122 N⋅m; 90 lbf⋅ft) at 3600 rpm.
Applications:
Output for the 1987 FI version was 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) at 6000 rpm and 13.4 kg⋅m (131 N⋅m; 97 lbf⋅ft) at 4800 rpm. A later one produced 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) at 5600 rpm and 14.1 kg⋅m (138 N⋅m; 102 lbf⋅ft) at 4400 rpm.
Toyota joint venture partner Tianjin FAWXiali produces the 5A-FE (dubbed 5A+) for its Vela and Weizhi (C1) subcompact sedans.[citation needed] This version produces 100 PS (74 kW; 99 hp) at 6000 rpm and 13.3 kg⋅m (130 N⋅m; 96 lbf⋅ft) at 4400 rpm.
Same as the first generation 5A-FE, only more aggressive tune for more output. Called an EFI-S engine.
This engine produces up to 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) due to slightly larger throttle than the standard 5A-FE and different cam profiles.
Applications:
| 6A | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1988–1992 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Displacement | 1.4 L (1,397 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 76 mm (2.99 in) |
| Piston stroke | 77 mm (3.03 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | DOHC 4 valves x cyl. |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 60 kW (80 hp; 82 PS) |
| Specific power | 42.9 kW (57.5 hp; 58.3 PS) |
| Torque output | 11.9 kg⋅m (117 N⋅m; 86 lbf⋅ft) |
The 1.4 L (1,397 cc)6A-FC was produced from 1989 through 1992. It is the only 1.4 variant of the A-series engines. Output is 60 kW (80 hp; 82 PS) and 11.9 kg⋅m (117 N⋅m; 86 lbf⋅ft).
It is a 4-valve, narrow-valve angle DOHC engine using Toyota'sHigh-Mecha Twin Cam system, mainly installed in Australian and European market Corollas.
Applications:
| 7A | |
|---|---|
 7A-FE Engine | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1990–2002 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Displacement | 1,762 cc (1.8 L) |
| Cylinder bore | 81 mm (3.2 in) |
| Piston stroke | 85.5 mm (3.37 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | DOHC 4 valves x cyl. |
| Compression ratio | 9.5:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output |
|
| Torque output |
|
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 3T |
| Successor | 1ZZ |
The 1,762 cc (1.8 L)7A was produced from 1990 through 2002. Cylinder bore and stroke was 81 mm × 85.5 mm (3.19 in × 3.37 in). The largest production A-series engine was the7A-FE, produced from 1993 through 2002. It is a4-valve DOHC narrow-valve angle economy engine stroked out from the 4A, also reusing the 4A-FE'sHigh-Mecha Twin Cam concept. It is a non-interference type engine.
An early Canadian version produced 86 kW (115 hp; 117 PS) at 5600 rpm and 15.2 kg⋅m (149 N⋅m; 110 lbf⋅ft) at 2800 rpm. The common (1993 to 1995 North American) version is rated at 82 kW (110 hp; 112 PS) at 5600 rpm and 15.9 kg⋅m (156 N⋅m; 115 lbf⋅ft) at 2800 rpm. The engine output was changed for the 1996 to 1997 (North American) version mainly due to a different antipollution system and different intake which made it rate at 78 kW (105 hp; 106 PS) at 5200 rpm and 16.2 kg⋅m (159 N⋅m; 117 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 2800 rpm.
In the United States, the 7A-FE's most common application was in the 1993–1997Corolla (7th generation). The engine was also used in some 1994–1999Celicas (6th generation) at the base ST trim level, as well as the Toyota Corolla's clone, theGeo Prizm.
The Indonesian and Russian version of the 7A-FE has the strongest naturally aspirated output, with 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 6000 rpm and 16 kg⋅m (157 N⋅m; 116 lbf⋅ft) at 4400 rpm, with 9.5 compression ratio. It appears in the eighth generation Corolla (AE112).
In the Australian market, the AE112 Corolla Sportivo had a turbocharged and intercooled 7A-FE, sometimes unofficially referred to as the 7A-FTE. Output was 115 kW (154 hp; 156 PS) at 5,600 rpm, torque 24.2 kg⋅m (237 N⋅m; 175 lbf⋅ft) at 3600 rpm, thanks to an IHI RHF4B turbocharger with 0.55 bar of boost pressure. This was a conversion rather than a ground-up turbo design, using the same 9.5:1 compression ratio as the naturally aspirated 7A-FE.[31] Only 110 Corolla Sportivos were built.
Toyota never made a wide-valve angle high-performance engine based on the 7A called the "7A-GE", however many enthusiasts have created one using a combination of 7A-FE parts (block and crank), 4A-GE parts (head, pistons) and custom connecting rods. The 7A-FE has a smaller crank journal and smaller wrist pins (press fit), and so a few companies have made special rods to accommodate these builds. Likewise, an unofficial supercharged "7A-GZE" has also been built from 7A-FE parts (block, crank), 4A-GZE parts (head, pistons) and custom connecting rods.
Applications:
| 8A | |
|---|---|
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Toyota |
| Production | 1990–2006 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Inline 4 |
| Displacement | 1.3 L (1,342 cc) |
| Cylinder bore | 78.7 mm (3.10 in) |
| Piston stroke | 69 mm (2.72 in) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Cylinder head material | Aluminum |
| Valvetrain | DOHC 4 valves x cyl. |
| Compression ratio | 9.3:1 |
| Combustion | |
| Fuel system | Fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Gasoline |
| Cooling system | Water cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 64 kW (86 hp; 87 PS) |
| Specific power | 64.1 hp (47.8 kW; 64.1 hp; 65.0 PS) |
| Torque output | 11.2 kg⋅m (110 N⋅m; 81 lbf⋅ft) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | 3T |
| Successor | 4ZZ |
The 1.3 L (1,342 cc)8A was produced from 1990 through 2006 by Tianjin FAWXiali for itsDaihatsu and Toyota-basedsubcompacts. It uses the same cylinder bore of 78.7 mm (3.10 in) as the 5A but with a reduced stroke of 69 mm (2.72 in). It uses a four valves per cylinder DOHC head with narrow-valve angles. TheHigh-Mecha Twin Cam system from the 4A-FE and 5A-FE was retained. Compression ratio is 9.3:1.
Output is 64 kW (86 hp; 87 PS) at 6,000 rpm and 11.2 kg⋅m (110 N⋅m; 81 lbf⋅ft) at 5200 rpm.
Applications:
The 1.3 L and 1.5 L A engines are built in Tianjin FAW Toyota Engine Co., Ltd. Plant No. 1.[32]
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