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TheToronto waterfront is the lakeshore ofLake Ontario in the city ofToronto, Ontario, Canada. It spans 46 kilometres between the mouth ofEtobicoke Creek in the west and theRouge River in the east.
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Lake Ontario is a recent lake.[1] As the lastglaciation, theLaurentian glaciation receded, a number ofproglacial lakes filled in basins adjacent to the glacier. One of thoseproglacial lakes wasLake Iroquois. Lake Iroquois was considerably deeper than Lake Ontario, as a lobe of theLaurentian glacier still filled the valley of what is now theSt. Lawrence River. The southern boundary of Lake Iroquois was the Niagara escarpment. The lake flowed over theNiagara Escarpment east of Rochester, and flowed to theAtlantic Ocean down what is now theMohawk River, to theHudson River. The shoreline of Lake Iroquois can be observed in steep hills, such as that on the north side ofDavenport Road.Casa Loma has a view of the harbour, four kilometres away, as it is on the height of the old shoreline.
When the glacier retreated from the St. Lawrence Valley, the shoreline receded to a much shallower level than today's lake, as it takes time for land that had been under a heavy glacier to rebound. This lake was calledAdmiralty Lake.[1][2]Some sources suggest the drainage of the lake triggered theUpper Dryas climatic change. Some sources suggest the lake drained all the way tosea level and the lake becamebrackish.[citation needed]
Since the lastice age, silt deposits, borne mostly from the erosion of theScarborough Bluffs and theeluvial rivers to the east were swept by strong, natural Lake Ontario currents creating prominent fingers of land away from the lakeshore in the current central waterfront area, including theToronto Islands.The shore of Lake Ontario (at least within present-dayToronto Harbour) is mostly landfill, extending a kilometre or more from the natural shoreline.
Adding to the existing silt deposits,Ashbridges Bay was filled in and thePort Lands area (Cherry Street to Leslie Street) was created in the early 1900s. The bay was filled in partly due to concerns about public health – locals had disposed of sewage, farm animal carcasses and household waste in the bay for years. During this period, theDon River, which used to flow into the bay to the south-west, was diverted (straightened) toward the harbour, first directly southward and later westward through the current configuration of theKeating Channel. Currently, there are proposals to restore the original natural watercourse of the Don, which would bring it closer to the downtown core. The modern harbour area was mostly formed through landfill in the years around theFirst World War, to allow for deeper container vessel wharf access. The central waterfront functioned as an important industrial area for many years, providing shipping access to communities fromPort Union in the east toMimico in the west.
Toronto expanded along the waterfront with new residential suburbs. West of theHumber River, outside the city limits, the waterfront has been mainly private lands fronting on the lake. East of the Humber River, within the city limits, the waterfront is under the control of the government. TheSunnyside lakefront from the Humber east to Jameson was filled in, creating new lands for recreational and park land uses. To the east of Sunnyside, the lands were originally military grounds, centred onFort York. The Garrison lands became the Exhibition grounds and have been public ever since. To the east of the harbour area, parklands were built along the waterfront fromAshbridges Bay east to the eastern city border at Victoria Park. Further east, the Scarborough lands have been dominated by theScarborough Bluffs and development could not proceed to the waterfront.
In the 1950s, theGardiner Expressway project, connecting suburbs to the west, substantially changed the western waterfront. As the Toronto area prospered and the downtown lands became more developed, industry began to move out of the central area seeking cheaper land in the suburbs. This left behind many heavily polluted sites (some of the main uses of the waterfront were oil and coal storage, waste disposal and incineration, and heavy manufacturing especially in Toronto harbour). The railway lands just to the north of the waterfront now became too valuable to keep industrial and have been converted to other uses, starting with theCN Tower in the 1970s. The railway lands became the site of the SkyDome (nowRogers Centre), theToronto Convention Centre, office buildings and numerous condominium residential buildings.
Tonnage to the Toronto Port has declined over the past 50 years, replaced by increases in other modes of transportation. The Toronto Harbour Commission was eventually dissolved, its lands transferred to the City except for those specifically to be controlled by the successorToronto Port Authority, which retained authority over transportation uses in the Port, including theIsland Airport. The federal government created the authority along with others around Canada to manage ports in a more business-like fashion. Following its mandate, the Port Authority has made attempts to increase usage of the Port, initiating a Ship Terminal and Ferry Service toRochester, a container facility in the Port lands and plans to expand the usage of the Island Airport, although expanded use of the Island Airport is opposed by local residents and organizations, and puts it at odds with the current City of Toronto council.
The1972 Canadian election saw a further step in the conversion of the central waterfront away from industrial uses. TheFederalLiberals promised to improve Toronto's waterfront, expropriating the area fromBathurst Street to York Street along the waterfront for the "Harbourfront" project. Some buildings, such asQueen's Quay Terminal andHarbourfront Centre were remodeled, and others such asMaple Leaf Mills Silos demolished and replaced by new structures. The areas south of Queens Quay have been changed mainly to cultural and recreational uses and the area north ofQueens Quay has been redeveloped into condominium residential towers. West of Bathurst Street, the lands have been converted into a new residential area.
The area between York Street andJarvis Street along the water has remained in private ownership except for theJack Layton Ferry Terminal. Residential condominiums and the large Harbour Castle hotel were built along the water and theToronto Star built a new headquarters office building at Yonge Street.
The Redpath Sugar Factory remains, and several industrial buildings have been converted into other uses. The area along the water has been primarily owned by the Toronto Harbour Commission, and eventually transferred to the City's Economic Commission.
In 1988, Prime MinisterBrian Mulroney called another Royal Commission into the waterfront that was headed by former mayorDavid Crombie. It was reported in 1992 with a detailed, but expensive plan of environmentally sound development following on the heels of his 1982–86 Toronto Waterfront Regeneration Trust Commission report. Few, if any of the recommendations were carried out, as had been the case during the previous 60 years.
Toronto's bids for the 1996 and 2008Summer Olympics saw plans for much of the new facilities to be located along the waterfront, with all three levels of government committed to spending a great deal of money if the games were won, but on both attempts Toronto lost its bid due to the lack of diversity in facilities either planned or in situ and, except for further commercial condominium development atHarbourfront offering grandiose views of the water, the waterfront was unchanged.Therecent bid by Toronto for theWorld's Fair 2015 also planned to use waterfront sites to accommodate the fair, but this bid also failed.
As of 2008, most of the lands to the east of Yonge Street, around and east of the Don River are slated for redevelopment directed by the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation. Plans are to build predominantly low-rise developments, with a waterfront opened up to public uses, including recreation. The Don River, diverted into a channel is slated to become 'naturalized' with more natural river banks and a more natural appearance.
Etobicoke Creek forms the western border of the city of Toronto dividing it with neighbouringMississauga, and its portion of the Lake Ontario waterfront. TheEtobicoke section of the lakeshore is mainly privately owned with parklands and public lands. The neighbourhoods north of the lake are the former villages ofMimico,New Toronto andLong Branch, developed as suburbs of the original city. While in close proximity to the lake, these areas are also just to the south of the industrial belt surrounding the CNR rail line. Notable sights on this part of the waterfront include the lakeshore campus ofHumber College, housed in a historic former asylum, andHumber Bay Park, and large park at the outlet ofMimico Creek. Both these sites havemarinas. More parkland along the lakeshore is being built with the goal to extend the waterfront route ofMartin Goodman Trail as far west as Long Branch.
The western border of the old city of Toronto (with Etobicoke) is marked by theHumber River. At the waterfront, this river is crossed by the prominent newHumber Bay Arch Bridge. From the Humber to Jameson Avenue in the east is theSunnyside area of waterfront parklands and recreational uses. Adjoining the waterfront to the north is the largeHigh Park. TheSwansea,Roncesvalles, andParkdale older neighbourhoods are north of the waterfront in this area.
East of Jameson Ave, the waterfront area is home toExhibition Place withOntario Place just to the south on three artificial islands. This area is also the former site ofFort Rouillé, one of the first European settlements in the region.
To the east of Exhibition Place begins a long stretch of former commercial and industrial areas that are rapidly being converted into some of Toronto's most expensive residences and condominiums. Historic commercial structures such as theTip Top Tailors Building and theQueen's Quay Terminal have been turned into luxury condominiums with waterfront views. Associated with thisQueens Quay has become home to a number of high end shops and restaurants. This area is also home to theHarbourfront Centre, a large cultural centre occupying 10 acres (40,000 m2) of former industrial land including an oldpower plant that is now a gallery. Some large industrial structures remain though most are shut down, most prominently the imposingCanada Malting Silos. Just to the north of the Gardiner is the former railway lands that have also seen rapid development in the years sincedeindustrialization. This area is home to theRogers Centre (SkyDome) andCN Tower, both of which are prominently visible from the waterfront.
Between York andYonge Streets is a cluster of large skyscrapers, many built in the 1970s in the first wave of redevelopment on the waterfront. This includes theWestin Harbour Castle Hotel andOne Yonge Street. Also in this area wasCaptain John's Harbour Boat Restaurant, a permanently docked cruise ship that served as a restaurant popular with tourists (now closed, and the ship has been removed) and theRedpath Sugar Building which remains an industrial site.
East of Yonge Street running to Cherry Street is a stretch of area known as theEast Bayfront, centred on theParliament Street slip. Currently a mix of warehouses and brownlands it is slated for development in the near future.Corus Quay is the first building to be built in the district as part of a public-private partnership led by TEDCO. It is expected that, in the next few years, thousands of new residences and millions of feet of commercial space will be built in this area. South of this, on two large projections separated by a ship canal, is the still-operating portion ofToronto Harbour which includes docking facilities for both freight and cruise ships.
TheToronto Islands, a chain of small natural islands, form the southern border of the Inner Harbour. Most of the islands are today parkland, with a handful of permanent inhabitants. The westernmost portion of the islands are dominated by theisland airport. The island airport is linked to the mainland by a ferry atBathurst Street. Controversy arose in 2003 when the port authority proposed replacing the ferry with a bridge, due to concerns about increased vehicle and air traffic along the waterfront. MayorDavid Miller canceled the plans for the bridge soon after winning office. However, in 2009, a revised plan to connect the Island to the mainland emerged when theToronto Port Authority began preliminary work on a $38 million pedestrian tunnel under theWestern Gap, which was completed and opened to pedestrian traffic in 2015.[4]
To the east of Cherry Street and the Inner Harbour is another area that is partially industrial and partially abandoned known as thePort Lands. This area is home to the shutteredHearn Generating Station and the newly openedPortlands Energy Centre. There are long-term plans to transform this area into a mix of commercial and residential developments, but no firm proposals have been developed, except a new Film Studio sponsored by TEDCO. The southern portion of the Portlands was intended to be an outer harbour, but the demand for such a harbour never developed. Instead this area today is home toCherry Beach, while the large breakwater known as theLeslie Street Spit is a popular park and birding area.
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East of the Portlands begins the well-knownBeaches area of Toronto. This part of the city is named after the series of four connected beaches that lie along this section of the lakeshore. The western boundary of this region was once home to theGreenwood Raceway. The racetrack was demolished in the 1990s and a new residential neighbourhood was constructed in its stead. The eastern boundary is theR. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, still the source of much of Toronto's water supply and also a prominentArt Deco monument.
TheScarborough portion of the waterfront is dominated by theScarborough Bluffs, a series of cliffs that run along the lakeshore for 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) and standing at a height of 90 metres (300 ft) at its highest point. On the top of the cliffs are a number of suburban neighbourhoods such asCliffside,Cliffcrest,Scarborough Village,Guildwood andWest Hill. This area is also home to large manicured properties such as Rosetta McClain Gardens and extensive grounds of theSt. Augustine Seminary. The most prominent site along the creek juncture with the lakeshore isBluffer's Park, a large park and marina built on fill below the bluffs. The bluffs end at the ravines ofHighland Creek.
East of Highland Creek isPort Union, named after a port facility that existed there from 1832 to 1873. The community was centred on the Adams Creek which was the site of a local ship builder who worked for the local merchants in the area which also had a winter harbour up the mouth of theRouge River Valley. The little harbour disappeared in the late 1870s with the arrival of theGrand Trunk Railway. The railway built acauseway, as part of a bridge project, filling in part of the river, irreversibly changing the mouth of the Rouge River, negatively impacting the local environment. Remedial efforts began in 2001 to reverse the changes in the local environment, although the bridge and causeway remains. East of Port Union isWest Rouge, Toronto's easternmost neighbourhood. The eastern terminus ofLawrence Avenue is situated near the southeast portion of West Rouge's waterfront.
The easternmost portion of Toronto's waterfront forms a part ofRouge National Urban Park, a national park whose area includes theRouge River, and its surrounding valleys. The park's waterfront area includes Rouge Pond, Rouge Beach, and the mouth of the Rouge River. The Rouge River forms the eastern end of Toronto's waterfront, as the river is used as the border between the City of Toronto and the neighbouring suburb to the east,Pickering. Two bridges connect Toronto's waterfront with Pickering, a pedestrian bridge, and a railway bridge.
Waterfront revitalization has been a hot topic of debate in Toronto for decades. In 1972, the federal government established the "Harbourfront Project" which converted part of the central waterfront from industrial uses to cultural, recreational and residential uses. Harbourfront Centre andQueen's Quay Terminal are legacies of that revitalization effort. In 1999, a task force was established to develop recommendations and a business plan for revitalization.[citation needed]
In 2001, following the recommendations of the task force, the federal, provincial and municipal governments established the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (now known asWaterfront Toronto), to lead and manage the renewal of Toronto's waterfront. The three levels of government committed $1.5 billion to launch the redevelopment initiative. Waterfront Toronto is overseen by a 13-member government appointed Board of Directors.
Waterfront revitalization is concentrated on Toronto's central waterfront, an area that extends from Dowling Avenue in the west to Coxwell Avenue in the east. The revitalization of Toronto's waterfront is one of the largest urban redevelopment project currently underway in North America with 800 hectares (2,000 acres) of largely underutilized, derelict land located steps away from Canada's largest financial and cultural urban core. Full revitalization is projected to take 25 to 30 years and an estimated $17 billion in public and private funds to complete.
According to Waterfront Toronto's master plan, once fully developed, Toronto's waterfront will include 40,000 new residences (20% of which will be affordable housing), 40,000 new jobs, new transit infrastructure and 300 hectares (740 acres) of parks and public spaces.[citation needed]
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Waterfront Toronto's plans identify public accessibility to the waterfront and the development of parks and public spaces as major priorities. A variety of waterfront public space projects have already been completed by the organization including York and John Quay Promenades, improvements to Cherry Beach, the Western Beaches Watercourse, Marilyn Bell Park improvements and expansion of the Martin Goodman Trail from Marilyn Bell Park to Ontario Place and the completion of phase one Port Union Waterfront Park. The first phase on construction of the Central Waterfront and Mimico Waterfront Park were completed in summer 2008.
The first new neighborhoods to be developed by Waterfront Toronto are the East Bayfront and West Don Lands. These lands are now rezoned as mixed use developments. Based on plans developed in consultation with public stakeholders, these environmental communities will feature green roof tops, pedestrian-friendly streets, extensive parks and public spaces, affordable housing, public transit within a five-minute walk of all residences, schools, childcare and recreation facilities.
Site preparation activities and phase one infrastructure are currently underway in East Bayfront and West Don Lands. Waterfront Toronto launched the developer selection process for the East Bayfront in March 2008 and announced Urban Capital Property Group/Redquartz Developments as the first phase developer partner for the West Don Lands in April 2008.
The Toronto waterfront has seen at least 15 design charettes over the last 65 years, the most recent being the Innovative Design Competition for the Central Waterfront that took place in 2006. This charette was won by a team led byWest 8, a landscape architecture and urban design firm fromRotterdam, in joint venture with DTAH (du Toit Allsopp Hillier), a Toronto architecture, landscape architecture and urban design firm.[5] The proposed design includes a wide promenade along the water and extensive green space. Bridges andWaveDecks rising from the boardwalk and spanning the ends of the slips will provide continuous public access to the lakeshore. Additionally, the southern half ofQueens Quay will be turned into a pedestrian walkway.[6] The proposal also emphasizes the need for stronger north–south connections between the harbour and the downtown core. The first phase was to be completed by 2008. As of January 2008, no such work has been undertaken, but private developers began construction of a condominium complex at the foot of Yonge Street, and TEDCO started construction ofCorus Quay.
43°38′53″N79°20′47″W / 43.64794°N 79.34635°W /43.64794; -79.34635
