Tokugawa Iesato | |
|---|---|
徳川 家達 | |
 | |
| President of the House of Peers | |
| In office 4 December 1903 – 9 June 1933 | |
| Monarchs | Meiji Taishō Shōwa |
| Preceded by | Prince Konoe Atsumaro |
| Succeeded by | Prince Konoe Fumimaro |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tokugawa Kamenosuke (1863-08-24)August 24, 1863 Edo,Tokugawa Shogunate |
| Died | June 5, 1940(1940-06-05) (aged 76) Sendagaya,Tokyo,Japan |
| Spouse | |
| Children |
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| Alma mater | Eton College |
PrinceTokugawa Iesato (徳川家達, August 24, 1863 – June 5, 1940) was the first head of theTokugawa clan after the overthrow of theTokugawa shogunate, and a significant figure in Japanese politics and diplomacy during theMeiji,Taishō and earlyShōwa period ofJapan. When Prince Tokugawa travelled to other nations representing Japan during his diplomatic journeys, he usually presented his name as Prince Iyesato Tokugawa.[1] Prince Tokugawa held the influential position of president of Japan's upper house of congress theDiet for 30 years. Tokugawa promoted democratic principles and international goodwill. It was only after his death in 1940 that Japanese militants were able to push Japan into joining the Axis Powers in WWII.[2][3]
Tokugawa Iesato was born to theTayasu branch of theTokugawa clan, under the nameKamenosuke, he became its 16th head on June 19, 1868,[4] following the resignation of the lastshōgun,Tokugawa Yoshinobu. His brothers wereTokugawa Satotaka andTokugawa Takachiyo, who also held the Tayasu headship at different times. Iesato was also briefly thedaimyō of the short-livedShizuoka Domain, before theabolition of the han system in the early 1870s. His guardian at the time wasMatsudaira Naritami, the former lord of theTsuyama Domain. He was an adopted son of the fourteenth shogun,Tokugawa Iemochi and his wife,Kazu-no-Miya Chikako or Seikan'in no Miya (although Iesato was Iemochi's adopted son they only met once. Later Iemochi's foster mother,Tenshō-in, raised Iesato). In 1866 he was sent toEdo Castle as Iemochi's son and was raised by Tenshō-in andKazu-no-Miya Chikako. In 1868 he was sent toKyoto by his mother,Kazu-no-Miya Chikako and met withEmperor Meiji. He married the daughter ofKonoe Tadafusa, Konoe Hiroko, who bore himIemasa Tokugawa, the seventeenth Tokugawa family head, Yasuko Tokugawa, who marriedNobusuke Takatsukasa and bore himToshimichi Takatsukasa, Ryōko Tokugawa, and Toshiko Tokugawa.
In 1877, Iesato was sent toEton College inGreat Britain to study. He aspired to be matriculated at either theUniversity of Cambridge orOxford, but on Tenshō-in's request, he decided to give up his studies in England and went back to Japan in 1882.[5] In 1884, when the nobility system was reformed to align more with theBritish system, he was given the title ofkōshaku (公爵, prince or duke) in the newly createdkazoku peerage system. He became a member of theHouse of Peers of theDiet of Japan from its creation in 1890, and served as President of the House of Peers from 1903 to 1933. When the administration ofPrime MinisterYamamoto Gonnohyōe was brought down by theSiemens scandal, there was a strong movement to have Tokugawa Iesato nominated to be his successor as the new Prime Minister.
Japan not only militarily supported its western allies in their war efforts, it also aided the Allies’ sick and wounded during and after the war. In 1917, out of empathy for the suffering resulting from the enormous death and destruction in Europe during World War I, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and his close friend and allyBaron Shibusawa Eiichi, along with their other Japanese associates, published a condolence booklet honoring their western allies. This 1917 condolence booklet described the Japanese creating an association to collect a monetary fund which was given to Allied nations to help with their war-related health costs. This association was headed by Prince Iyesato Tokugawa as its president, and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa and S. Shimada as its vice-presidents. Many of Japan's top leaders contributed articles to this booklet expressing their support of the Allies. This condolence booklet was published in a French and English edition. The condolence booklet was titledJapan to her Allies: A Message of Practical Sympathy from the Japan Association for Aiding the Sick and Wounded Soldiers and Others Suffering from the War in the Allied Countries, Published in Tokyo, Japan, 1917. The illustrated biographyThe Art of Peace by Stan S. Katz highlights the alliance between Prince Iyesato Tokugawa and Baron Eiichi Shibusawa as they promoted democracy and international goodwill.[6]
FollowingWorld War I, Iesato headed the Japanese delegation to theWashington Naval Conference. His support of theUnited States position on the 10:10:6 division of naval strength between the United States,Great Britain and Japan drew considerable wrath from the ultra-rightist movements and conservative factions within theImperial Japanese Navy.[7]
Iesato is remembered for having recovered the political fortunes and reputation of the Tokugawa family, holding many senior government positions before his retirement, including in 1928, being appointed as the 7th President of theJapanese Red Cross Society, head of theJapan-America Society, and President of the national organizing committee for the1940 Olympics.[8]
Iesato is quoted as once having said about his adoptive father: "Yoshinobu destroyed the Tokugawa house; I rebuilt it."[citation needed]
His grave is at the Tokugawa family cemetery at the temple ofKan'ei-ji inUeno, Tokyo. He was succeeded by his sonTokugawa Iemasa (also known as Tokugawa Iyemasa).
In 1930,Rotary International wished to recognize and honor Prince Iyesato Tokugawa's lifelong devotion to maintaining international goodwill by selecting him to be the Keynote speaker at their Silver (25th) Anniversary Convention celebration. There are photos available from 1930 that present the founder of Rotary International,Paul Harris, along with the current President of Rotary (1929-1930) M. Eugene Newsom, introducing their Keynote speaker Prince Tokugawa to the 15,000 Rotarians attending the event from around the world.[1]
One of Prince Tokugawa's close allies during the 1930s in the promotion of goodwill between Japan and the United States wasAmbassador Joseph Grew. In 1932, Prince Tokugawa honored Grew with a reception when he first became U.S. Ambassador to Japan.[9]
From late 1933 and into 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa went on a world tour. He first arrived in the U.S. in San Francisco, California. He had only recently retired from his distinguished thirty-year career as President of the Japan's upper house of congress, theHouse of Peers. He arrived aboard theChichibu Maru ocean liner en route to England. During his travels, he stated he wished to renew old friendships. Prince Tokugawa first visited America in 1882, after completing his studies in England. The Prince mentioned he looked forward to visiting the World's Fair being held in Chicago. Besides being a pleasant vacation, Prince Tokugawa's world travels were very much directed at attempting to further strengthen Japan's relationship with its allies in the U.S. and Europe so as to better resist a rising global militarism and fascism. While in the U.S., Prince Tokugawa delivered a radio address to the American public describing the long enduring and friendly relations between United States and Japan; he also met with PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt, as well as other U.S. congressional leaders, encouraging a united front to prevent a potential upcoming war.[10]
During his visit in 1934, Prince Iyesato Tokugawa received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from theUniversity of Southern California. The president of the university, Dr.Rufus B. von KleinSmid, handed the degree to Prince Tokugawa. This presentation took place during a special luncheon given March 19, 1934 in Los Angeles, hosted by George I. Cochran, the president of the school's board of trustees. TheLos Angeles Times[11][12][13] stated that this honorary degree was given to Prince Tokugawa "in recognition of distinguished service in international statesmanship", and for his "support of many philanthropic and educational movements." In accepting the honor, Prince Tokugawa respectfully said, "He wished to receive it in the name of the Japanese people as a whole rather than as a personal distinction."[citation needed] Prince Iyesato Tokugawa was accompanied by his son Iyemasa, who was the newly appointed Minister to Canada, and by his granddaughter Miss Toyo Tokugawa. The Japan-America Society of Los Angeles (part of theNational Association of Japan-America Societies) was to host a banquet dinner that evening to honor Prince Tokugawa's visit; California GovernorJames Rolph and former Mayor of Los Angeles John C. Porter planned to attend.[9]
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| Preceded by | Tokugawa family head June 19, 1868 – June 5, 1940 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Tayasu-Tokugawa family head 1865 – 1868 | Succeeded by |
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| Preceded by | President of the House of Peers 1903–1933 | Succeeded by |
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